Nehru Dynasty: built a modern secular state, total of 3 Prime Ministers, 1947-
Mohandas Gandhi: father of the nation, satyagraha, killed by Hindu extremists when he was protesting violence against Muslims.
Federal System: powers divided from strong central to small states, 83 provinces, 15 national languages, 35 regional languages.
Rajiv Gandhi: grandson of Jawa, served as Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawa Nehru, became Prime Minister, handled the Golden Temple uprising, killed by her own Sikh body guards.
Jawa Nehru: 1947-1964 Prime Minister of India, worked to build a modern secular state, dedicated to social justice.
Green Revolution: sought to make agriculture self sufficient,
Mother Theresa: Roman Catholic nun, helped the poor in Calcutta, missionaries of charity.
Harijans: children of god, term used by Gandhi for the untouchables.
Kashmir: Himalayan land, Muslims and Hindu fight over it, almost war.
BJP: Hindu fundamentalist party, called for a government based on Hindu principles, 1990 had the most seats in parliament, 2002 accused of backing attacks against Muslims.
Zulfikar ali Bhutto: civilian president of Pakistan, overthrown, tried and executed by the military.
Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfikar ali Bhutto, served as Prime Minister, and ousted from power both times, was assassinated last year.
General Musharraf: he dismissed the elected government of Pakistan, suspended the
constitution, 9/11 led to a policy change, received American support by aiding U.S. fight.
World Bank/IMF Debt Service: Pakistan can only generate enough funds to pay the growing interest on their loans.
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration: created in 1917 by Britain, pledged support for a Jewish Nation State in Palestine.
1948 Israel Proclaimed: British withdrew and Israel declared itself a nation, U.S. and U.S.S.R. recognized the state, Arab states attack.
kibbutzim: collective farms of Israel.
Zionists: Jewish people that wanted to create Israel.
MPDG: was originally authoritative state, created a multiparty democratic government, failed to address the needs of Palestinian minority.
Ataturk: 1920’s campaign to make Turkey a modern secular state, tried to join NATO.
Kurds: minority group in Turkey, forbidden to speak/publish/broadcast, restrictions have lightened and it is now legal to share information in Kurdish.
Cyprus: island in the E. Mediterranean, Turkish and Greek communities are in conflict over it.
Bosporus: key waterway, links Black Sea to the Mediterranean, Turkey controlled, Soviet importance.
Sharia Law: Islamic Reformers have been elected to government positions in the 2000’s, but have agreed to follow the secular constitution.
Nasser: military officer who rose to power in the 1950’s, set out to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.
Suez Canal: 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and ended British/French control
Anwar Sadat
-1970: Egypt opened to foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel, first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
-1981: assassination, Islamic Extremists
Mubarrak: took power after Sadat was killed, reaffirmed peace with Israel
Aswan High Dam: Upper Nile, Nasser with Soviet help, huge reservoir, gave acres of farmland, increased salinity, eroded the delta, destroyed fish hatcheries, and flooded old temple grounds.
Islamic Reformers: Egyptian government’s failure is denounced, modeled their change off of Islamic solutions, set up schools, offered social services, extremists turned to terrorists attacks.
Nile Valley: the most important waterway in Egypt for both transportation and agriculture.
Arab-Israeli Wars: Israel is recognized as a nation 1948, Arab nations attack and are defeated. Egypt has peace treaties with Israel, and is the only Arab nation that does.
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: U.S. placed and supported his power in Iran, gave women rights, pushed for modernization, built infrastructure and redistributed land, was deposed during the Islamic revolution 1979.
Muhammad Mosaddiq: Iran, tried to nationalize oil in order to limit foreign control, United States put the Shah in Mosaddiq’s place in order to control oil. Mosaddiq expelled.
Ayatollah Khomeini: exiled from Iran by the Shah, returned in 1979 and drives the Shah out, sets up a Theocratic Republic, replaced the secular courts, removed women’s rights, violently suppressed opposition, was engaged in a war with Iraq in 1980, died in 1989.
Axis of Evil: U.S. lumped Iran together with North Korea and Iraq, hurting relationship with the West.
Nuclear Tests: 1974 India tests, 1998 Pakistan tests, raises tensions.
Tuesday, May 19, 2009
7th Grade 35.1 to 35.3 terms defined
Nehru Dynasty: built a modern secular state, total of 3 Prime Ministers, 1947-
Mohandas Gandhi: father of the nation, satyagraha, killed by Hindu extremists when he was protesting violence against Muslims.
Federal System: powers divided from strong central to small states, 83 provinces, 15 national languages, 35 regional languages.
Rajiv Gandhi: grandson of Jawa, served as Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawa Nehru, became Prime Minister, handled the Golden Temple uprising, killed by her own Sikh body guards.
Jawa Nehru: 1947-1964 Prime Minister of India, worked to build a modern secular state, dedicated to social justice.
Green Revolution: sought to make agriculture self sufficient,
Mother Theresa: Roman Catholic nun, helped the poor in Calcutta, missionaries of charity.
Harijans: children of god, term used by Gandhi for the untouchables.
Kashmir: Himalayan land, Muslims and Hindu fight over it, almost war.
BJP: Hindu fundamentalist party, called for a government based on Hindu principles, 1990 had the most seats in parliament, 2002 accused of backing attacks against Muslims.
Zulfikar ali Bhutto: civilian president of Pakistan, overthrown, tried and executed by the military.
Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfikar ali Bhutto, served as Prime Minister, and ousted from power both times, was assassinated last year.
General Musharraf: he dismissed the elected government of Pakistan, suspended the
constitution, 9/11 led to a policy change, received American support by aiding U.S. fight.
World Bank/IMF Debt Service: Pakistan can only generate enough funds to pay the growing interest on their loans.
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration: created in 1917 by Britain, pledged support for a Jewish Nation State in Palestine.
1948 Israel Proclaimed: British withdrew and Israel declared itself a nation, U.S. and U.S.S.R. recognized the state, Arab states attack.
kibbutzim: collective farms of Israel.
Zionists: Jewish people that wanted to create Israel.
MPDG: was originally authoritative state, created a multiparty democratic government, failed to address the needs of Palestinian minority.
Ataturk: 1920’s campaign to make Turkey a modern secular state, tried to join NATO.
Kurds: minority group in Turkey, forbidden to speak/publish/broadcast, restrictions have lightened and it is now legal to share information in Kurdish.
Cyprus: island in the E. Mediterranean, Turkish and Greek communities are in conflict over it.
Bosporus: key waterway, links Black Sea to the Mediterranean, Turkey controlled, Soviet importance.
Sharia Law: Islamic Reformers have been elected to government positions in the 2000’s, but have agreed to follow the secular constitution.
Nasser: military officer who rose to power in the 1950’s, set out to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.
Suez Canal: 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and ended British/French control
Anwar Sadat
-1970: Egypt opened to foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel, first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
-1981: assassination, Islamic Extremists
Mubarrak: took power after Sadat was killed, reaffirmed peace with Israel
Aswan High Dam: Upper Nile, Nasser with Soviet help, huge reservoir, gave acres of farmland, increased salinity, eroded the delta, destroyed fish hatcheries, and flooded old temple grounds.
Islamic Reformers: Egyptian government’s failure is denounced, modeled their change off of Islamic solutions, set up schools, offered social services, extremists turned to terrorists attacks.
Nile Valley: the most important waterway in Egypt for both transportation and agriculture.
Arab-Israeli Wars: Israel is recognized as a nation 1948, Arab nations attack and are defeated. Egypt has peace treaties with Israel, and is the only Arab nation that does.
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: U.S. placed and supported his power in Iran, gave women rights, pushed for modernization, built infrastructure and redistributed land, was deposed during the Islamic revolution 1979.
Muhammad Mosaddiq: Iran, tried to nationalize oil in order to limit foreign control, United States put the Shah in Mosaddiq’s place in order to control oil. Mosaddiq expelled.
Ayatollah Khomeini: exiled from Iran by the Shah, returned in 1979 and drives the Shah out, sets up a Theocratic Republic, replaced the secular courts, removed women’s rights, violently suppressed opposition, was engaged in a war with Iraq in 1980, died in 1989.
Axis of Evil: U.S. lumped Iran together with North Korea and Iraq, hurting relationship with the West.
Nuclear Tests: 1974 India tests, 1998 Pakistan tests, raises tensions.
Mohandas Gandhi: father of the nation, satyagraha, killed by Hindu extremists when he was protesting violence against Muslims.
Federal System: powers divided from strong central to small states, 83 provinces, 15 national languages, 35 regional languages.
Rajiv Gandhi: grandson of Jawa, served as Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawa Nehru, became Prime Minister, handled the Golden Temple uprising, killed by her own Sikh body guards.
Jawa Nehru: 1947-1964 Prime Minister of India, worked to build a modern secular state, dedicated to social justice.
Green Revolution: sought to make agriculture self sufficient,
Mother Theresa: Roman Catholic nun, helped the poor in Calcutta, missionaries of charity.
Harijans: children of god, term used by Gandhi for the untouchables.
Kashmir: Himalayan land, Muslims and Hindu fight over it, almost war.
BJP: Hindu fundamentalist party, called for a government based on Hindu principles, 1990 had the most seats in parliament, 2002 accused of backing attacks against Muslims.
Zulfikar ali Bhutto: civilian president of Pakistan, overthrown, tried and executed by the military.
Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfikar ali Bhutto, served as Prime Minister, and ousted from power both times, was assassinated last year.
General Musharraf: he dismissed the elected government of Pakistan, suspended the
constitution, 9/11 led to a policy change, received American support by aiding U.S. fight.
World Bank/IMF Debt Service: Pakistan can only generate enough funds to pay the growing interest on their loans.
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration: created in 1917 by Britain, pledged support for a Jewish Nation State in Palestine.
1948 Israel Proclaimed: British withdrew and Israel declared itself a nation, U.S. and U.S.S.R. recognized the state, Arab states attack.
kibbutzim: collective farms of Israel.
Zionists: Jewish people that wanted to create Israel.
MPDG: was originally authoritative state, created a multiparty democratic government, failed to address the needs of Palestinian minority.
Ataturk: 1920’s campaign to make Turkey a modern secular state, tried to join NATO.
Kurds: minority group in Turkey, forbidden to speak/publish/broadcast, restrictions have lightened and it is now legal to share information in Kurdish.
Cyprus: island in the E. Mediterranean, Turkish and Greek communities are in conflict over it.
Bosporus: key waterway, links Black Sea to the Mediterranean, Turkey controlled, Soviet importance.
Sharia Law: Islamic Reformers have been elected to government positions in the 2000’s, but have agreed to follow the secular constitution.
Nasser: military officer who rose to power in the 1950’s, set out to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.
Suez Canal: 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and ended British/French control
Anwar Sadat
-1970: Egypt opened to foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel, first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
-1981: assassination, Islamic Extremists
Mubarrak: took power after Sadat was killed, reaffirmed peace with Israel
Aswan High Dam: Upper Nile, Nasser with Soviet help, huge reservoir, gave acres of farmland, increased salinity, eroded the delta, destroyed fish hatcheries, and flooded old temple grounds.
Islamic Reformers: Egyptian government’s failure is denounced, modeled their change off of Islamic solutions, set up schools, offered social services, extremists turned to terrorists attacks.
Nile Valley: the most important waterway in Egypt for both transportation and agriculture.
Arab-Israeli Wars: Israel is recognized as a nation 1948, Arab nations attack and are defeated. Egypt has peace treaties with Israel, and is the only Arab nation that does.
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: U.S. placed and supported his power in Iran, gave women rights, pushed for modernization, built infrastructure and redistributed land, was deposed during the Islamic revolution 1979.
Muhammad Mosaddiq: Iran, tried to nationalize oil in order to limit foreign control, United States put the Shah in Mosaddiq’s place in order to control oil. Mosaddiq expelled.
Ayatollah Khomeini: exiled from Iran by the Shah, returned in 1979 and drives the Shah out, sets up a Theocratic Republic, replaced the secular courts, removed women’s rights, violently suppressed opposition, was engaged in a war with Iraq in 1980, died in 1989.
Axis of Evil: U.S. lumped Iran together with North Korea and Iraq, hurting relationship with the West.
Nuclear Tests: 1974 India tests, 1998 Pakistan tests, raises tensions.
7th Grade 35.1 to 35.3 terms defined
Nehru Dynasty: built a modern secular state, total of 3 Prime Ministers, 1947-
Mohandas Gandhi: father of the nation, satyagraha, killed by Hindu extremists when he was protesting violence against Muslims.
Federal System: powers divided from strong central to small states, 83 provinces, 15 national languages, 35 regional languages.
Rajiv Gandhi: grandson of Jawa, served as Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawa Nehru, became Prime Minister, handled the Golden Temple uprising, killed by her own Sikh body guards.
Jawa Nehru: 1947-1964 Prime Minister of India, worked to build a modern secular state, dedicated to social justice.
Green Revolution: sought to make agriculture self sufficient,
Mother Theresa: Roman Catholic nun, helped the poor in Calcutta, missionaries of charity.
Harijans: children of god, term used by Gandhi for the untouchables.
Kashmir: Himalayan land, Muslims and Hindu fight over it, almost war.
BJP: Hindu fundamentalist party, called for a government based on Hindu principles, 1990 had the most seats in parliament, 2002 accused of backing attacks against Muslims.
Zulfikar ali Bhutto: civilian president of Pakistan, overthrown, tried and executed by the military.
Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfikar ali Bhutto, served as Prime Minister, and ousted from power both times, was assassinated last year.
General Musharraf: he dismissed the elected government of Pakistan, suspended the
constitution, 9/11 led to a policy change, received American support by aiding U.S. fight.
World Bank/IMF Debt Service: Pakistan can only generate enough funds to pay the growing interest on their loans.
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration: created in 1917 by Britain, pledged support for a Jewish Nation State in Palestine.
1948 Israel Proclaimed: British withdrew and Israel declared itself a nation, U.S. and U.S.S.R. recognized the state, Arab states attack.
kibbutzim: collective farms of Israel.
Zionists: Jewish people that wanted to create Israel.
MPDG: was originally authoritative state, created a multiparty democratic government, failed to address the needs of Palestinian minority.
Ataturk: 1920’s campaign to make Turkey a modern secular state, tried to join NATO.
Kurds: minority group in Turkey, forbidden to speak/publish/broadcast, restrictions have lightened and it is now legal to share information in Kurdish.
Cyprus: island in the E. Mediterranean, Turkish and Greek communities are in conflict over it.
Bosporus: key waterway, links Black Sea to the Mediterranean, Turkey controlled, Soviet importance.
Sharia Law: Islamic Reformers have been elected to government positions in the 2000’s, but have agreed to follow the secular constitution.
Nasser: military officer who rose to power in the 1950’s, set out to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.
Suez Canal: 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and ended British/French control
Anwar Sadat
-1970: Egypt opened to foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel, first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
-1981: assassination, Islamic Extremists
Mubarrak: took power after Sadat was killed, reaffirmed peace with Israel
Aswan High Dam: Upper Nile, Nasser with Soviet help, huge reservoir, gave acres of farmland, increased salinity, eroded the delta, destroyed fish hatcheries, and flooded old temple grounds.
Islamic Reformers: Egyptian government’s failure is denounced, modeled their change off of Islamic solutions, set up schools, offered social services, extremists turned to terrorists attacks.
Nile Valley: the most important waterway in Egypt for both transportation and agriculture.
Arab-Israeli Wars: Israel is recognized as a nation 1948, Arab nations attack and are defeated. Egypt has peace treaties with Israel, and is the only Arab nation that does.
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: U.S. placed and supported his power in Iran, gave women rights, pushed for modernization, built infrastructure and redistributed land, was deposed during the Islamic revolution 1979.
Muhammad Mosaddiq: Iran, tried to nationalize oil in order to limit foreign control, United States put the Shah in Mosaddiq’s place in order to control oil. Mosaddiq expelled.
Ayatollah Khomeini: exiled from Iran by the Shah, returned in 1979 and drives the Shah out, sets up a Theocratic Republic, replaced the secular courts, removed women’s rights, violently suppressed opposition, was engaged in a war with Iraq in 1980, died in 1989.
Axis of Evil: U.S. lumped Iran together with North Korea and Iraq, hurting relationship with the West.
Nuclear Tests: 1974 India tests, 1998 Pakistan tests, raises tensions.
Mohandas Gandhi: father of the nation, satyagraha, killed by Hindu extremists when he was protesting violence against Muslims.
Federal System: powers divided from strong central to small states, 83 provinces, 15 national languages, 35 regional languages.
Rajiv Gandhi: grandson of Jawa, served as Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawa Nehru, became Prime Minister, handled the Golden Temple uprising, killed by her own Sikh body guards.
Jawa Nehru: 1947-1964 Prime Minister of India, worked to build a modern secular state, dedicated to social justice.
Green Revolution: sought to make agriculture self sufficient,
Mother Theresa: Roman Catholic nun, helped the poor in Calcutta, missionaries of charity.
Harijans: children of god, term used by Gandhi for the untouchables.
Kashmir: Himalayan land, Muslims and Hindu fight over it, almost war.
BJP: Hindu fundamentalist party, called for a government based on Hindu principles, 1990 had the most seats in parliament, 2002 accused of backing attacks against Muslims.
Zulfikar ali Bhutto: civilian president of Pakistan, overthrown, tried and executed by the military.
Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfikar ali Bhutto, served as Prime Minister, and ousted from power both times, was assassinated last year.
General Musharraf: he dismissed the elected government of Pakistan, suspended the
constitution, 9/11 led to a policy change, received American support by aiding U.S. fight.
World Bank/IMF Debt Service: Pakistan can only generate enough funds to pay the growing interest on their loans.
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration: created in 1917 by Britain, pledged support for a Jewish Nation State in Palestine.
1948 Israel Proclaimed: British withdrew and Israel declared itself a nation, U.S. and U.S.S.R. recognized the state, Arab states attack.
kibbutzim: collective farms of Israel.
Zionists: Jewish people that wanted to create Israel.
MPDG: was originally authoritative state, created a multiparty democratic government, failed to address the needs of Palestinian minority.
Ataturk: 1920’s campaign to make Turkey a modern secular state, tried to join NATO.
Kurds: minority group in Turkey, forbidden to speak/publish/broadcast, restrictions have lightened and it is now legal to share information in Kurdish.
Cyprus: island in the E. Mediterranean, Turkish and Greek communities are in conflict over it.
Bosporus: key waterway, links Black Sea to the Mediterranean, Turkey controlled, Soviet importance.
Sharia Law: Islamic Reformers have been elected to government positions in the 2000’s, but have agreed to follow the secular constitution.
Nasser: military officer who rose to power in the 1950’s, set out to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.
Suez Canal: 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and ended British/French control
Anwar Sadat
-1970: Egypt opened to foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel, first Arab leader to make peace with Israel
-1981: assassination, Islamic Extremists
Mubarrak: took power after Sadat was killed, reaffirmed peace with Israel
Aswan High Dam: Upper Nile, Nasser with Soviet help, huge reservoir, gave acres of farmland, increased salinity, eroded the delta, destroyed fish hatcheries, and flooded old temple grounds.
Islamic Reformers: Egyptian government’s failure is denounced, modeled their change off of Islamic solutions, set up schools, offered social services, extremists turned to terrorists attacks.
Nile Valley: the most important waterway in Egypt for both transportation and agriculture.
Arab-Israeli Wars: Israel is recognized as a nation 1948, Arab nations attack and are defeated. Egypt has peace treaties with Israel, and is the only Arab nation that does.
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: U.S. placed and supported his power in Iran, gave women rights, pushed for modernization, built infrastructure and redistributed land, was deposed during the Islamic revolution 1979.
Muhammad Mosaddiq: Iran, tried to nationalize oil in order to limit foreign control, United States put the Shah in Mosaddiq’s place in order to control oil. Mosaddiq expelled.
Ayatollah Khomeini: exiled from Iran by the Shah, returned in 1979 and drives the Shah out, sets up a Theocratic Republic, replaced the secular courts, removed women’s rights, violently suppressed opposition, was engaged in a war with Iraq in 1980, died in 1989.
Axis of Evil: U.S. lumped Iran together with North Korea and Iraq, hurting relationship with the West.
Nuclear Tests: 1974 India tests, 1998 Pakistan tests, raises tensions.
Monday, May 18, 2009
7th Grade 35.1 to 35.3 terms
Nehru Dynasty
Mohandas Gandhi
Federal System
Rajiv Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
Jawa Nehru
Green Revolution
Mother Theresa
Harijans
Kashmir
BJP
Zulfikar ali Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
General Musharraf
World Bank/IMF Debt Service
Bangladesh: E. Pakistan, living conditions
Sri Lanka: Tamils, revolutionaries
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration
1948 Israel Proclaimed
kibbutzim
Zionists
MPDG
Ataturk Dam
Kurds
Cyprus
Bosporus
Sharia Law
Nasser
Suez Canal
Anwar Sadat
-1970: foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel
-1981: assassination
Mubarrak
Aswan High Dam
Islamic Reformers
Nile Valley
Arab-Israeli Wars
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi
Muhammad Mosaddiq
Ayatollah Khomeini
Axis of Evil
Mohandas Gandhi
Federal System
Rajiv Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
Jawa Nehru
Green Revolution
Mother Theresa
Harijans
Kashmir
BJP
Zulfikar ali Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
General Musharraf
World Bank/IMF Debt Service
Bangladesh: E. Pakistan, living conditions
Sri Lanka: Tamils, revolutionaries
Palestine: Refugees, 1947 Arab State, Arab-Israeli War 1948
Balfour Declaration
1948 Israel Proclaimed
kibbutzim
Zionists
MPDG
Ataturk Dam
Kurds
Cyprus
Bosporus
Sharia Law
Nasser
Suez Canal
Anwar Sadat
-1970: foreign investment/privatization
-1979: Peace treaty with Israel
-1981: assassination
Mubarrak
Aswan High Dam
Islamic Reformers
Nile Valley
Arab-Israeli Wars
Persian Shiites
Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi
Muhammad Mosaddiq
Ayatollah Khomeini
Axis of Evil
Thursday, May 14, 2009
6th Grade 24.1, 25.1, 24.2, and 25.2 terms
24.1
desert/beach/rift/mountains/plains
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Nile River/Blue Nile/White Nile
Lake Victoria/Hot Lakes/Lake Nakuru
farmers/herders/minerals
25.1
Atlantic Ocean
Congo Basin
volcanic mtns/Western Rift Valley
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Malawi
Congo/Zambezi Rivers
canopy
mammal list
savannah
copper belt
periodic markets
24.2
Meroe
Christianity
Arab Armies
Islam
slave trade/Zanzibar
Britain/Germany/Belgium/Italy
WWI
African Deputies
ethnic rivalries
independence years
Hutus/Tutsis
25.2
Bantu
Kongo
Ivory
Colonial Powers
Belgian Congo
Angola
Cold War
malaria
AIDS
dialects
Catholicism/Protestantism
Muslims
fufu
Makossa
soukous
arts/crafts
desert/beach/rift/mountains/plains
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Nile River/Blue Nile/White Nile
Lake Victoria/Hot Lakes/Lake Nakuru
farmers/herders/minerals
25.1
Atlantic Ocean
Congo Basin
volcanic mtns/Western Rift Valley
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Malawi
Congo/Zambezi Rivers
canopy
mammal list
savannah
copper belt
periodic markets
24.2
Meroe
Christianity
Arab Armies
Islam
slave trade/Zanzibar
Britain/Germany/Belgium/Italy
WWI
African Deputies
ethnic rivalries
independence years
Hutus/Tutsis
25.2
Bantu
Kongo
Ivory
Colonial Powers
Belgian Congo
Angola
Cold War
malaria
AIDS
dialects
Catholicism/Protestantism
Muslims
fufu
Makossa
soukous
arts/crafts
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
7th Grade 35.1 and 35.2
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muslim League
partition
Pakistan/India
1947 Migration
Mohandas Gandhi
Federal System
Nehru Dynasty
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
Sonia Gandhi
BJP
Punjab Region
Sikh Seperatists
Sri Lanka
Tamil
British Railroads
oil/natural gas
Green Revolution
Mother Theresa
harijans
SEWA
W/E Pakistans
Bengalis
Punjabis
Bangladesh
Zulfikas Ali Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
General Musharraf
al-Qaida
deforestation/monsoons/land redistribution
nationalization
World Bank/IMF Debt Service
Don't live in Bangladesh:
*floodplain
*cyclones
*poverty
*unstable government
Cold War
Kashmir
Nuclear Tests: 1974, 1998
Afghani Civil War
Taliban
Osama Bin Laden
35.2
Middle East
Primary: Languages, Religions, Ethnicities
Kurds
Pan-Arab
Arab League
Economic Dependence on the West
Balfour Declarations
Palestine
United Nations
Israel
Arab-Israeli Wars
Kibbutzim
Palestinian Refugees
Authoritarian Governments
Hereditary Monarchy
Dictator
Multiparty Democratic Governments
OPEC
Oil-Rich Nations
Desalinization
Ataturk Dam
Tigres & Euphrates
water scarcity
socialism 1950's
privatization 1990's
Sharia Law
Westernization failure
Islamic Reform 1970's
*scientific rejection
*theocracy
*terrorism
Shah of Iran
Al-Qaida
hejab
women as sub-class.
Muslim League
partition
Pakistan/India
1947 Migration
Mohandas Gandhi
Federal System
Nehru Dynasty
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
Sonia Gandhi
BJP
Punjab Region
Sikh Seperatists
Sri Lanka
Tamil
British Railroads
oil/natural gas
Green Revolution
Mother Theresa
harijans
SEWA
W/E Pakistans
Bengalis
Punjabis
Bangladesh
Zulfikas Ali Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto
General Musharraf
al-Qaida
deforestation/monsoons/land redistribution
nationalization
World Bank/IMF Debt Service
Don't live in Bangladesh:
*floodplain
*cyclones
*poverty
*unstable government
Cold War
Kashmir
Nuclear Tests: 1974, 1998
Afghani Civil War
Taliban
Osama Bin Laden
35.2
Middle East
Primary: Languages, Religions, Ethnicities
Kurds
Pan-Arab
Arab League
Economic Dependence on the West
Balfour Declarations
Palestine
United Nations
Israel
Arab-Israeli Wars
Kibbutzim
Palestinian Refugees
Authoritarian Governments
Hereditary Monarchy
Dictator
Multiparty Democratic Governments
OPEC
Oil-Rich Nations
Desalinization
Ataturk Dam
Tigres & Euphrates
water scarcity
socialism 1950's
privatization 1990's
Sharia Law
Westernization failure
Islamic Reform 1970's
*scientific rejection
*theocracy
*terrorism
Shah of Iran
Al-Qaida
hejab
women as sub-class.
Monday, May 4, 2009
6th Grade East and Central Africa Government Information
Nation Gov Type Chief of State
Angola Republic Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS
Burundi Republic Pierre NKURUNZIZA
Cameroon Republic Paul BIYA
Central African Republic Republic Francois BOZIZE
Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic Joseph KABILA
Djibouti Republic Ismail Omar GUELLEH
Equatorial Guinea Republic Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO
Eritrea transitional gov ISAIAS Afworki
Ethiopia federal republic GIRMA Woldegiorgis
Gabon Republic El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba
Kenya Republic Mwai KIBAKI
Malawi multiparty democracy Bingu wa MUTHARIKA
Republic of the Congo Republic Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO
Rwanda Republic Paul KAGAME
Sao Tome and Principe Republic Fradique DE MENEZES
Somalia no permanent national government; transitional, parliamentary federal government Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed
Sudan Government of National Unity Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
Tanzania Republic President Jakaya KIKWETE
Uganda Republic Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
Zambia Republic President Rupiah BANDA
Angola Republic Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS
Burundi Republic Pierre NKURUNZIZA
Cameroon Republic Paul BIYA
Central African Republic Republic Francois BOZIZE
Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic Joseph KABILA
Djibouti Republic Ismail Omar GUELLEH
Equatorial Guinea Republic Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO
Eritrea transitional gov ISAIAS Afworki
Ethiopia federal republic GIRMA Woldegiorgis
Gabon Republic El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba
Kenya Republic Mwai KIBAKI
Malawi multiparty democracy Bingu wa MUTHARIKA
Republic of the Congo Republic Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO
Rwanda Republic Paul KAGAME
Sao Tome and Principe Republic Fradique DE MENEZES
Somalia no permanent national government; transitional, parliamentary federal government Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed
Sudan Government of National Unity Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
Tanzania Republic President Jakaya KIKWETE
Uganda Republic Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
Zambia Republic President Rupiah BANDA
7th Grade 19.1-19.3 Terms Defined
19.1
Tennis Court Oath: third estate declares themselves as the national assembly and invited the other 2 to write laws with them. Under rumours that Louis XVI was going to abolish the national assembly they fled to a nearby tennis court, sworn to never separate, and meet no matter what the place, wouldn’t stop until they had a sound and just constitution.
Louis XVI: King of
July 1789: the beginning of the French Revolution
Cahiers: list of grievances from the 3 estates, and orders of what is to be done by Louis XVI.
Famine: began in 1780, food prices soared, 80% of income went to food. Peasants started attacking nobles demanding bread. Fomented the rebellion.
First Estate: clergy, wealthy and influential, church owned land and collected tithes, and pay no taxes to the French government.
Second Estate: titled nobility, knights had defended the land, feared losing their privileges of not paying taxes.
Third Estate: everybody else, paid taxes, little to no political identity, no means to overturn 2/3rds majority.
Storming of the Bastille: 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille, commander refused to open the gates, instead opened fire, Parisians stormed The Bastille.
Bourgeoisie: the middle class, the top of the third estate, people of common birth that had done well for themselves.
Declaration of the Rights of Man: issued by the National Assembly, all men are born and remain free, equal rights under the law.
Deficit Spending: spending more money than you are taking in,
Jacques Necker: chosen by Louis to fix
Courvee: the dues aristocrats collect in order to fix roads and bridges, weren’t performing the task, yet demanded to be paid the bag-logged dues. Peasants revolt.
19.2
Marquis de Lafayette: fought alongside G. Washington in the American Revolution, seen as a hero of the moderates, headed the National Guard, instituted the tri-color badge.
Émigrés: nobles, clergy, etc that had fled
Edmund Burke: defended American Revolution, condemned the French Revolution, “plots and assassinations will be anticipated by preventive murder and preventive assassination.
Factions: various groups with political agendas ranging from loyal to the monarchy to wanting to abolish the monarchy, Royal Troops all the way to the Paris Commune.
Constitution of 1791: set up a limited monarchy, new legislative assembly with the power to tax, make laws, and war powers. Elected by tax paying male citizens, 83 new departments of roughly equal size. 50,000 men were eligible for service of the 27 million population.
National Assembly: August 4th, gave up their noble privileges, gave equality to all citizens, 1790, followed the King to
Jacobins: revolutionary political group, middle class, published literature to advance the republican cause.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy: bishops and priests became elected and salaried officials of France, conservative peasants and the pope rejected it. Paris and the rural peoples disagree over this.
Declaration of Pilnitz: issued by the King of
San-culottes: working class men and women, demanded a republic, not a monarchy, threatened to go violent. Without shorts.
National Guard: largely middle class militia, organized in response to the Royal Guard entering
Women’s March:
Marie Antoniette: married Louis XVI, under attack for her frivolity, advised moderate reforms, but remained a source of scandal, “let them eat cake”.
April 1792: French Revolutionaries and European monarchs go to war,
19.3
Storming of the Tulieres:
National Convention: elected by the radicals, controlled by the Jacobins, legislative body that voted to abolished the monarchy and form a republic. Opened suffrage to all men.
Napoleon Bonaparte: popular military hero, won a series of victories against the Austrians. Politicians planned to use him to advance their own goals. Would come to rule
Women’s Rights: divorce became easier, women could inherit property, all taken back when Napoleon gains power.
Nationalism: a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country.
Olympe de Gouges: journalist, demanded equal rights for women, wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women.
Reign of Terror: July 1793-July 1794, 40,000 people died, 15% nobles and clergy, 15% middle class, the rest were peasants. Many died from false accusations and mistaken identities. Robespierre was the chief architect of Reign of Terror.
Secular: non-religious, France created a non-religious calendar.
Guillotine: meant to be quick and painless way of execution. The primary mode of execution during the French Revolution.
Robespierre: lawyer, politician, rose to power on the committee of public safety. Enemies called him a tyrant. Promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery.
Committee of Public Safety: created by the convention, 12 members with absolute power, prepared
September Massacres: nobles and clergy are murdered in prison after Tulieres.
Suffrage: voting rights.
Levee en masse: everyone is taxed for the purpose of the war.
La
Tuesday, April 21, 2009
6th Grade 22 and 23 defined
22.1Sahara: the desert that occupies large regions of North Africa, it is the Arabic word for desert, largest desert in the world.Nile River: world’s longest river, empties into the Mediterranean, flows northward through the eastern Sahara, the source of life in Egypt.Sinai Peninsula: East Mediterranean, triangular, North of the Red Sea, Suez Canal runs along its Western edge.ergs: great seas of sand dunes in the Sahara.regs: broad wind swept gravel plains in the Sahara.Ahaggar Mtns: located in the central Sahara, highest peak 9842 ft.Atlas Mtns: lie on the NW side of the Sahara, peak at 13671 ft. depressions: low areas of large dry lake beds in the Sahara.oasis: place in the desert where springs supply water, small shrubs, grasses or trees grow there.silt: finely ground soil found along the Nile River, great for growing.Suez Canal: links the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, in Egypt.mammal list: gazelles, hyenas, baboons, foxes, and weasels.oil: an important resource in N. Africa.22.23200 BC: Upper and Lower Egyptian Kingdoms unite along the Nile River.pharaohs: Egyptian kings, buried in pyramids and worshipped as divine. hieroglyphics: pictures and symbols that stand for words, ancient Egyptian writing.Alexander the Great: Macedonian King, invaded and conquered Egypt and founded Alexandria.600's AD: Arab armies from SW Asia swept over North Africa.Muslim: predominant faith in N. Africa, set up trade and learning centers.Arabic: major language in Egypt and SW Asia, of Berber origin.1800's: European countries began to colonize North Africa.1912: Europe controls all of N. Africa.1922: Egypt gains limited independence from Great Britain.1950's: Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia become independent.1962: Algeria wins independence from France.1979: Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel.1976: Morocco takes over former Spanish colony of Western Sahara.Bedouins: majority of Egyptian population, nomadic herders.couscous: small pellets of pasta.harissa: spicy red sauce that is served over couscous.fuul: made from fava beans, mashed with olive oil, served with lemons.Naguib Mahfouz: one of Egypt’s famous writers, first Arab to win Nobel Prize.sinter: 3 stringed instrument that originated in Morocco.22.3fellahin: Egyptian farmers on very small plots of land.Cairo: Egypt’s capital and largest city, founded over 1000 years ago on the Nile River.Alexandria: major seaport, over 4 million people, is on the Nile Delta and has a great many industries.Suez Canal: a source of income for Egypt by cutting the trip around Africa into a narrow strip of water.surface Salt: caused by over-watering, causes salts to come to the surface and damage crops.22.4Maghreb: western nations of N. Africa, Arabic for West or direction of the setting sun.Casbah: an old fortress, winding alleys, tall walls found in N. Africa. Souks: North African marketplaces.free port: where no sales tax is levied, Tangier, Morocco. oil: Libya is dependent on this product for its economic well-being.fertilizer: Morocco is dependent on this product for its economic well-being.food: due to its massive amount of desert, Libya is forced to import this.European Union: N. African has a significant trade relationship with this group.dictator: a person who rules with absolute authority.al-Qaddafi: the current dictator of Libya.
23.1zonal: the climates of West Africa that stretch from East to West in bands.Sahara: largest desert in the world, stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea.sahel: south of the Sahara, it is dry grass lands with a steppe climate.harmattan: dry dusty wind that dries south from the Sahara.tsetse fly: a fly in Africa that spreads sleeping sickness.Niger River: the most important W. African River, empties into the Gulf of Guinea.bauxite: key mineral wealth export of West Africa.23.2archaeology: the study of cultures.oral history: spoken word histories passed down.kola: tropical nut used to flavor cola, crop of great currency.800 AD: Ghana becomes rich and powerful.Mansa Musa: king of Mali in the early 1300’s, a wealthy and wise rule that supported the arts.Songhay: 1300’s – 1600’s was a kingdom that took power after the Mali empire declined, established Timbuktu as the center of their empire, Timbuktu was a center of education, eventually fell to Moroccan invasions.1440's: Portuguese began sailing around Africa, named the gold coast for what they brought back.slave trade: a demand for labor in Europe’s American colonies was met by selling enslaved Africans.1800's: slave trade diminishes in W. Africa due to decreased European interest.1820's: Liberia is founded by the United States as a home for freed slaves. 1950's: most of the West Africans begin to gain independence from European nations.1960's: most African nations have gained independence.
1974: Portugal gives up the last W. African colony of Liberia.1996: Chad creates its first democratic constitution.animism: a religion in West Africa that attributes spirits to all natural objects.23.3herd animals: cattle, goats and camels.millet/ sorghum: a grain crop grown in the savannah regions that can survive drought.cotton: Mali’s main export.malaria: a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes, causes death in children.staple crop: a region or country’s major food crop.1950's: Lake Chad shrank to 1/3 of its size.1990's: a Civil War ended in Chad.23.41960's: the Ibos try to break away and form their own nation.secede: to break away from your own country, tried to secede from Nigeria.1970's: a new Nigerian capital was made, Abuja. oil: Nigerians are dependent on oil for their economy, 20% of their GDP, and 65% of their government budget.Wolof: a language spoken by many people in Senegal and The Gambia.griots: West African story tellers that pass down the histories.1980's: a bitter civil war erupts in Liberia.Ivory Coast: Cote D’Ivoire, a former French colony.cacao: a S. American crop that is grown in W. Africa, used to produce chocolate.
23.1zonal: the climates of West Africa that stretch from East to West in bands.Sahara: largest desert in the world, stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea.sahel: south of the Sahara, it is dry grass lands with a steppe climate.harmattan: dry dusty wind that dries south from the Sahara.tsetse fly: a fly in Africa that spreads sleeping sickness.Niger River: the most important W. African River, empties into the Gulf of Guinea.bauxite: key mineral wealth export of West Africa.23.2archaeology: the study of cultures.oral history: spoken word histories passed down.kola: tropical nut used to flavor cola, crop of great currency.800 AD: Ghana becomes rich and powerful.Mansa Musa: king of Mali in the early 1300’s, a wealthy and wise rule that supported the arts.Songhay: 1300’s – 1600’s was a kingdom that took power after the Mali empire declined, established Timbuktu as the center of their empire, Timbuktu was a center of education, eventually fell to Moroccan invasions.1440's: Portuguese began sailing around Africa, named the gold coast for what they brought back.slave trade: a demand for labor in Europe’s American colonies was met by selling enslaved Africans.1800's: slave trade diminishes in W. Africa due to decreased European interest.1820's: Liberia is founded by the United States as a home for freed slaves. 1950's: most of the West Africans begin to gain independence from European nations.1960's: most African nations have gained independence.
1974: Portugal gives up the last W. African colony of Liberia.1996: Chad creates its first democratic constitution.animism: a religion in West Africa that attributes spirits to all natural objects.23.3herd animals: cattle, goats and camels.millet/ sorghum: a grain crop grown in the savannah regions that can survive drought.cotton: Mali’s main export.malaria: a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes, causes death in children.staple crop: a region or country’s major food crop.1950's: Lake Chad shrank to 1/3 of its size.1990's: a Civil War ended in Chad.23.41960's: the Ibos try to break away and form their own nation.secede: to break away from your own country, tried to secede from Nigeria.1970's: a new Nigerian capital was made, Abuja. oil: Nigerians are dependent on oil for their economy, 20% of their GDP, and 65% of their government budget.Wolof: a language spoken by many people in Senegal and The Gambia.griots: West African story tellers that pass down the histories.1980's: a bitter civil war erupts in Liberia.Ivory Coast: Cote D’Ivoire, a former French colony.cacao: a S. American crop that is grown in W. Africa, used to produce chocolate.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
6th Grade Chapter 23 Terms
23.1
zonal
Sahara
sahel
harmattan
tsetse fly
Niger River
bauxite
23.2
archaeology
oral history
kola
800 AD
Mansa Musa
Songhay
1440's
slave trade
1800's
1820's
WWII
1950's
1960's
1974
1996
animism
23.3
herd animals
millet
sorghum
cotton
malaria
staple crop
1950's
1990's
23.4
1960's
secede
1970's
oil
Wolof
griots
1980's
Ivory Coast
cacao
zonal
Sahara
sahel
harmattan
tsetse fly
Niger River
bauxite
23.2
archaeology
oral history
kola
800 AD
Mansa Musa
Songhay
1440's
slave trade
1800's
1820's
WWII
1950's
1960's
1974
1996
animism
23.3
herd animals
millet
sorghum
cotton
malaria
staple crop
1950's
1990's
23.4
1960's
secede
1970's
oil
Wolof
griots
1980's
Ivory Coast
cacao
Tuesday, April 14, 2009
6th Grade Ch22 Terms
22.1
Sahara
Nile River
Sinai Peninsula
ergs
regs
Ahaggar Mtns
Atlas Mtns
depressions
oasis
silt
Suez Canal
mammal list
oil
22.2
3200 BC
pharaohs
hieroglyphics
Alexander the Great
600's AD
Muslim
Arabic
1800's
1912
1922
1950's
1962
1979
1976
Bedouins
couscous
harissa
fuul
Naguib Mahfouz
sintir
22.3
fellahin
Cairo
Alexandria
Suez Canal
surface Salt
22.4
Maghreb
Casbah
Souks
free port
status of:
-oil
-fertilizer
-food
European Union
dictator
al-Qaddafi
Sahara
Nile River
Sinai Peninsula
ergs
regs
Ahaggar Mtns
Atlas Mtns
depressions
oasis
silt
Suez Canal
mammal list
oil
22.2
3200 BC
pharaohs
hieroglyphics
Alexander the Great
600's AD
Muslim
Arabic
1800's
1912
1922
1950's
1962
1979
1976
Bedouins
couscous
harissa
fuul
Naguib Mahfouz
sintir
22.3
fellahin
Cairo
Alexandria
Suez Canal
surface Salt
22.4
Maghreb
Casbah
Souks
free port
status of:
-oil
-fertilizer
-food
European Union
dictator
al-Qaddafi
Thursday, April 9, 2009
7th Grade Chapter 2, Ancient Egypt and Civilizations of Mesopotamia
2.1
Nile River: provided food protection, trade routes, rich soil, unified Egypt.
cataract: waterfall
delta: triangular area of marshland, formed by deposit of silt at the mouth of some rivers.
King Menes: united Upper and Lower Egypts, using the Nile.
Pharoahs: Egyptian Rulers who organized a strong central state, claimed divine support, believed to be gods, had absolute power.
Ptahotep: vizier who trained young officials, wrote instructions on manners and behaviors in politics.
Hatshepsut: female monarch, ruled after her husband's death, encouraged trade in the Mediterranean and along the Red Sea.
Ramses II: most powerful monarch, pushed his rule into Syria, Egyptian power declined after his death.
Hittites: the largest battle between Egypt and them was saved by Ramses, later they became brothers with the Egyptians.
Pyramid: tombs for eternity, millions of blocks, weighing one to two tons, long term project. Palaces of the dead, signified great strength.
2.2
Amon Re: sun god, the pharoah could talk to him.
Osiris: the ruler of the underworld and the god of the Nile, lived with the dead after being chopped up.
Isis: feminine appeal, goddess of house work, farming, wife of Osiris.
Akenaton: young pharoah, proclaimed Aton's superiority. Ordered priests to stop worshipping other gods, priests resisted.
hieroglyphics: pictographs used by the ancient Egyptians for language.
ideograms: a symbol that represents an idea or action
demotic: simplified language developed by Egyptian scholars for everyday use.
Rosetta Stone: messages carved in demotic, hierglyphics and Greeks, used by the French to understand Hieroglyphics.
Book of the Dead: spells, charms, and formulas to be used in the afterlife.
Nefertiti: wife of Akenaton, supported his goal of monotheism.
2.3
fertile crescent: ark of land from the Persian Gulf to the Eastern Mediterranean, on the floodplain of the Tigres and the Euphrates
Mesopotamia: land between the rivers, Sumerian civilization
Tigres/Euphrates: the two rivers of the fertile crescent.
hierarchy: system of ranks used in a civilization
Sumerian Social Classes: ruling family, leading officials, high priests, then lesser priests and scribes, and the majority/low class were peasant farmers.
Sumerian Religion: polytheistic, gods and goddesses behaved as normal people, caused good and bad, the people should keep the gods happy.
ziggurat: pyramid temple, a shrine to the chief god/goddesses, offered sacrifices there.
cuneiform: earliest form of writing, used a reed pen to make wedge shaped marks in tabelets.
Sumerian mathematics: basic algebra and geometry, number system based on 6.
warlords: acted in times of crisis, became heriditary positions, enforced the law and led in times of war. Seen as chief servants of the gods.
2.4
Hammurabi: king of Babylon, brought Mesopotamia under his control, famous for his laws.
codify: to set down in writing, to make code of.
criminal law: branch of law dealing with offenses to others related to assault, robbery, murder.
civil law: branch of law dealing with private rights, business contracts, inheritance, marriage, divorce.
Hammurabi's Code: not written by Hammurabi, artisans carved them into stone, displayed publicly, common punishments were death, enslavement, or fines.
Satrap: Persian governer of a Satrapy.
barter economy: exchanging a good or service for another.
money economy: exchanging coins for a good or a service.
Phoenicians: famous for sailing, occupied the Eastern Mediterranean, manufacturing and trade. Famous for their purple dye.
alphabet: letters that represent spoken sounds, phonemes.
Nile River: provided food protection, trade routes, rich soil, unified Egypt.
cataract: waterfall
delta: triangular area of marshland, formed by deposit of silt at the mouth of some rivers.
King Menes: united Upper and Lower Egypts, using the Nile.
Pharoahs: Egyptian Rulers who organized a strong central state, claimed divine support, believed to be gods, had absolute power.
Ptahotep: vizier who trained young officials, wrote instructions on manners and behaviors in politics.
Hatshepsut: female monarch, ruled after her husband's death, encouraged trade in the Mediterranean and along the Red Sea.
Ramses II: most powerful monarch, pushed his rule into Syria, Egyptian power declined after his death.
Hittites: the largest battle between Egypt and them was saved by Ramses, later they became brothers with the Egyptians.
Pyramid: tombs for eternity, millions of blocks, weighing one to two tons, long term project. Palaces of the dead, signified great strength.
2.2
Amon Re: sun god, the pharoah could talk to him.
Osiris: the ruler of the underworld and the god of the Nile, lived with the dead after being chopped up.
Isis: feminine appeal, goddess of house work, farming, wife of Osiris.
Akenaton: young pharoah, proclaimed Aton's superiority. Ordered priests to stop worshipping other gods, priests resisted.
hieroglyphics: pictographs used by the ancient Egyptians for language.
ideograms: a symbol that represents an idea or action
demotic: simplified language developed by Egyptian scholars for everyday use.
Rosetta Stone: messages carved in demotic, hierglyphics and Greeks, used by the French to understand Hieroglyphics.
Book of the Dead: spells, charms, and formulas to be used in the afterlife.
Nefertiti: wife of Akenaton, supported his goal of monotheism.
2.3
fertile crescent: ark of land from the Persian Gulf to the Eastern Mediterranean, on the floodplain of the Tigres and the Euphrates
Mesopotamia: land between the rivers, Sumerian civilization
Tigres/Euphrates: the two rivers of the fertile crescent.
hierarchy: system of ranks used in a civilization
Sumerian Social Classes: ruling family, leading officials, high priests, then lesser priests and scribes, and the majority/low class were peasant farmers.
Sumerian Religion: polytheistic, gods and goddesses behaved as normal people, caused good and bad, the people should keep the gods happy.
ziggurat: pyramid temple, a shrine to the chief god/goddesses, offered sacrifices there.
cuneiform: earliest form of writing, used a reed pen to make wedge shaped marks in tabelets.
Sumerian mathematics: basic algebra and geometry, number system based on 6.
warlords: acted in times of crisis, became heriditary positions, enforced the law and led in times of war. Seen as chief servants of the gods.
2.4
Hammurabi: king of Babylon, brought Mesopotamia under his control, famous for his laws.
codify: to set down in writing, to make code of.
criminal law: branch of law dealing with offenses to others related to assault, robbery, murder.
civil law: branch of law dealing with private rights, business contracts, inheritance, marriage, divorce.
Hammurabi's Code: not written by Hammurabi, artisans carved them into stone, displayed publicly, common punishments were death, enslavement, or fines.
Satrap: Persian governer of a Satrapy.
barter economy: exchanging a good or service for another.
money economy: exchanging coins for a good or a service.
Phoenicians: famous for sailing, occupied the Eastern Mediterranean, manufacturing and trade. Famous for their purple dye.
alphabet: letters that represent spoken sounds, phonemes.
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Algeria
Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA
Republic
Benin
Thomas YAYI Boni
Republic
Burkina Faso
Blaise COMPAORE
Parliamentary Republic
Cape Verde
Pedro Verona PIRES
Republic
Chad
Idriss DEBY Itno
Republic
Cote D'Ivoire
Laurent GBAGBO
republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960
Egypt
Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK
Republic
Gambia
Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH
Republic
Ghana
John Evans Atta MILLS
Constitutional Democracy
Guinea-Bissau
Raimundo PEREIRA
Republic
Guinea
Moussa Dadis CAMARA
Republic
Liberia
Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF
Republic
Libya
Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI
Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in practice, an authoritarian state
Mali
Amadou Toumani TOURE
Republic
Mauritania
Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ
Military Junta
Morocco
King MOHAMMED VI
Constitutional Monarchy
Niger
Mamadou TANDJA
Republic
Nigeria
Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA
Federal Republic
Senegal
Abdoulaye WADE
Republic
Sierra Leone
Ernest Bai KOROMA
Constitutional Democracy
Togo
Faure GNASSINGBE
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Tunisia
President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI
Republic
Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA
Republic
Benin
Thomas YAYI Boni
Republic
Burkina Faso
Blaise COMPAORE
Parliamentary Republic
Cape Verde
Pedro Verona PIRES
Republic
Chad
Idriss DEBY Itno
Republic
Cote D'Ivoire
Laurent GBAGBO
republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960
Egypt
Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK
Republic
Gambia
Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH
Republic
Ghana
John Evans Atta MILLS
Constitutional Democracy
Guinea-Bissau
Raimundo PEREIRA
Republic
Guinea
Moussa Dadis CAMARA
Republic
Liberia
Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF
Republic
Libya
Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI
Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in practice, an authoritarian state
Mali
Amadou Toumani TOURE
Republic
Mauritania
Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ
Military Junta
Morocco
King MOHAMMED VI
Constitutional Monarchy
Niger
Mamadou TANDJA
Republic
Nigeria
Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA
Federal Republic
Senegal
Abdoulaye WADE
Republic
Sierra Leone
Ernest Bai KOROMA
Constitutional Democracy
Togo
Faure GNASSINGBE
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Tunisia
President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI
Republic
Monday, March 16, 2009
Renaissance Author Matching: (9)
Francesco Petrarch: Florentine, 1300’s, early Renaissance Humanist, Sonnets to Laura. Invented the Sonnet.
Castiglione: author of courtly manners, skills, and virtues that court members should have.Machiavelli: wrote, “The Prince”. A guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by any means necessary.
Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest and humanist, used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a Greek New Testament.
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, described the ideal society, martyred, saint.
Francois Rabelais: monk, physician, scholar, wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright, 37 plays. Wrote comedies, histories and tragedies, 1,700 words invented.
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote.
Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press in 1456, printed the first complete version of the Bible.
Religion Terms Matching: (15)
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that offered indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.Anglican Church: English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating this.Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
Science People Matching: (14)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.Galileo Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic ChurchRene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases. Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
After the Reformation People Matching: (10)
King Henry VIII: set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, beheaded.Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms.Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough, reformed.
Literature and Art Matching: (14)
Mona Lisa: most popular painting of DaVinci, woman with a mysterious smile.
Last Supper: shows Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper, DaVinci.
La Pieta: the sorrow of Mary as she cradles dead Christ, Michaelangelo.
David: Michaelangelo, statue of David, the Biblical Shepherd King, harmony of Greek and Christian traditions.
The Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ book, used humor to expose immoral behavior of his time.
The Prince, Machiavelli.
Courtly Manners, Castiglione.
Utopia: written by Thomas More, describes a perfect society.
Gargantua and Pantagruel: offered opinions on religion and education, written by Rabelais.
Don Quixote: book written by Cervantes, mocks the romantic notion of medieval chivalry.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe.
Concept Matching: (15)
renaissance: began in Italy, means rebirth in French, began in the 1300’s, peaked in the 1500’s. Arts, science, and math all flourish.
patron: financial supporter, in the Renaissance primarily focused on the arts.antiquity: the study of Greek and Roman classics.
humanities: the subject of study in classical education.perspective: making distant objects smaller, visually realistic.
vernacular: the everyday language, spoken by the people.
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
humanism: intellectual movement that founded the Renaissance, focused on the value of the individual.
Early Renaissance Italy People Matching: (7)
Cosimo de'Medici: gained control of the Florentine government in 1434, uncrowned rulers of the city.Lorenzo de'Medici: the Magnificent, represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together in the 1400’s.Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator, sailed to the Americas in 1492, thought he was in India. Donatello: sculptor, first life size figure since ancient times.Leonardo DaVinci: born in 1452, jack of all trades, created the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
Michaelangelo: La Pieta, dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Master of sculpting, painting and architecture.Raphael: youngest Renaissance genius, blend of Christianity and classics. Best known for depictions of Mary, the Mother of Jesus.
True / False: CORRECT FALSE ANSWERS. (30)
85. T / F Gravity is the single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
86. T / F Monk scholars preserved the classical heritage, catalogued and maintained earthly knowledge.
87. T / F At the Diet of Worms Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
88. T / F The Peasant's Revolt of 1524 spread throughout Germany. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
89. T / F In the Peace of Augsburg the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to force Luther and Princes back in to Catholicism. In 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.
90. T / F Modern Anabaptists are Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish.
91. T / F Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.
92. T / F Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, it was an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.
93. T / F The Council of Trent was called for in 1545 to established the direction of reforms, it reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.
94. T / F Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same to the Protestabts, both hated Anabaptists.
95. T / F Witch Hunts were at their peak from 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.
96. T / F Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city called a ghetto, started in Venice.
97. T / F : Jews were required to wear yellow badges any time they left the ghettoes.
98. T / F In the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned Jews from Spanish colonies in America; so they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
99. T / F scientific laws are anything proved by scientific method which is a step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
Francesco Petrarch: Florentine, 1300’s, early Renaissance Humanist, Sonnets to Laura. Invented the Sonnet.
Castiglione: author of courtly manners, skills, and virtues that court members should have.Machiavelli: wrote, “The Prince”. A guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by any means necessary.
Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest and humanist, used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a Greek New Testament.
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, described the ideal society, martyred, saint.
Francois Rabelais: monk, physician, scholar, wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright, 37 plays. Wrote comedies, histories and tragedies, 1,700 words invented.
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote.
Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press in 1456, printed the first complete version of the Bible.
Religion Terms Matching: (15)
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that offered indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.Anglican Church: English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating this.Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
Science People Matching: (14)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.Galileo Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic ChurchRene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases. Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
After the Reformation People Matching: (10)
King Henry VIII: set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, beheaded.Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms.Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough, reformed.
Literature and Art Matching: (14)
Mona Lisa: most popular painting of DaVinci, woman with a mysterious smile.
Last Supper: shows Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper, DaVinci.
La Pieta: the sorrow of Mary as she cradles dead Christ, Michaelangelo.
David: Michaelangelo, statue of David, the Biblical Shepherd King, harmony of Greek and Christian traditions.
The Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ book, used humor to expose immoral behavior of his time.
The Prince, Machiavelli.
Courtly Manners, Castiglione.
Utopia: written by Thomas More, describes a perfect society.
Gargantua and Pantagruel: offered opinions on religion and education, written by Rabelais.
Don Quixote: book written by Cervantes, mocks the romantic notion of medieval chivalry.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe.
Concept Matching: (15)
renaissance: began in Italy, means rebirth in French, began in the 1300’s, peaked in the 1500’s. Arts, science, and math all flourish.
patron: financial supporter, in the Renaissance primarily focused on the arts.antiquity: the study of Greek and Roman classics.
humanities: the subject of study in classical education.perspective: making distant objects smaller, visually realistic.
vernacular: the everyday language, spoken by the people.
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
humanism: intellectual movement that founded the Renaissance, focused on the value of the individual.
Early Renaissance Italy People Matching: (7)
Cosimo de'Medici: gained control of the Florentine government in 1434, uncrowned rulers of the city.Lorenzo de'Medici: the Magnificent, represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together in the 1400’s.Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator, sailed to the Americas in 1492, thought he was in India. Donatello: sculptor, first life size figure since ancient times.Leonardo DaVinci: born in 1452, jack of all trades, created the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
Michaelangelo: La Pieta, dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Master of sculpting, painting and architecture.Raphael: youngest Renaissance genius, blend of Christianity and classics. Best known for depictions of Mary, the Mother of Jesus.
True / False: CORRECT FALSE ANSWERS. (30)
85. T / F Gravity is the single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
86. T / F Monk scholars preserved the classical heritage, catalogued and maintained earthly knowledge.
87. T / F At the Diet of Worms Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
88. T / F The Peasant's Revolt of 1524 spread throughout Germany. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
89. T / F In the Peace of Augsburg the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to force Luther and Princes back in to Catholicism. In 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.
90. T / F Modern Anabaptists are Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish.
91. T / F Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.
92. T / F Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, it was an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.
93. T / F The Council of Trent was called for in 1545 to established the direction of reforms, it reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.
94. T / F Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same to the Protestabts, both hated Anabaptists.
95. T / F Witch Hunts were at their peak from 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.
96. T / F Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city called a ghetto, started in Venice.
97. T / F : Jews were required to wear yellow badges any time they left the ghettoes.
98. T / F In the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned Jews from Spanish colonies in America; so they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
99. T / F scientific laws are anything proved by scientific method which is a step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
7th Grade Exam Structure
Renaissance Author Matching: (9)
Francesco Petrarch: Florentine, 1300’s, early Renaissance Humanist, Sonnets to Laura. Invented the Sonnet.
Castiglione: author of courtly manners, skills, and virtues that court members should have.Machiavelli: wrote, “The Prince”. A guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by any means necessary.
Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest and humanist, used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a Greek New Testament.
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, described the ideal society, martyred, saint.
Francois Rabelais: monk, physician, scholar, wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright, 37 plays. Wrote comedies, histories and tragedies, 1,700 words invented.
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote.
Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press in 1456, printed the first complete version of the Bible.
Religion Terms Matching: (15)
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that offered indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.Anglican Church: English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating this.Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
Science People Matching: (14)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.Galileo Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic ChurchRene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases. Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
After the Reformation People Matching: (10)
King Henry VIII: set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, beheaded.Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms.Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough, reformed.
Literature and Art Matching: (14)
Mona Lisa: most popular painting of DaVinci, woman with a mysterious smile.
Last Supper: shows Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper, DaVinci.
La Pieta: the sorrow of Mary as she cradles dead Christ, Michaelangelo.
David: Michaelangelo, statue of David, the Biblical Shepherd King, harmony of Greek and Christian traditions.
The Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ book, used humor to expose immoral behavior of his time.
The Prince, Machiavelli.
Courtly Manners, Castiglione.
Utopia: written by Thomas More, describes a perfect society.
Gargantua and Pantagruel: offered opinions on religion and education, written by Rabelais.
Don Quixote: book written by Cervantes, mocks the romantic notion of medieval chivalry.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe.
Concept Matching: (15)
renaissance: began in Italy, means rebirth in French, began in the 1300’s, peaked in the 1500’s. Arts, science, and math all flourish.
patron: financial supporter, in the Renaissance primarily focused on the arts.antiquity: the study of Greek and Roman classics.
humanities: the subject of study in classical education.perspective: making distant objects smaller, visually realistic.
vernacular: the everyday language, spoken by the people.
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
humanism: intellectual movement that founded the Renaissance, focused on the value of the individual.
Early Renaissance Italy People Matching: (7)
Cosimo de'Medici: gained control of the Florentine government in 1434, uncrowned rulers of the city.Lorenzo de'Medici: the Magnificent, represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together in the 1400’s.Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator, sailed to the Americas in 1492, thought he was in India. Donatello: sculptor, first life size figure since ancient times.Leonardo DaVinci: born in 1452, jack of all trades, created the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
Michaelangelo: La Pieta, dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Master of sculpting, painting and architecture.Raphael: youngest Renaissance genius, blend of Christianity and classics. Best known for depictions of Mary, the Mother of Jesus.
True / False: CORRECT FALSE ANSWERS. (30)
gravity: Isaac Newton’s single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
monk scholars: preserved the classical heritage, catalogued and maintained earthly knowledge. Diet of Worms: Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
Peasant's Revolt: 1524, spread throughout Germany, an end to serfdom. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
Peace of Augsburg: Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V tried to force Luther and Princes back in to the Catholic, in 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.modern Anabaptists: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish. compromise: Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.Council of Trent: called for in 1545 to established to the direction of reforms, reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists: everyone persecuted each other, Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same, both hated Anabaptists.Witch Hunts: 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.ghetto: Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city, started in Venice.yellow badges: Jews were required to wear these any time they left the ghettoes. Jewish migrations: in the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned them from Spanish colonies in America. So they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
scientific laws: anything proved by scientific method: scientific method: step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
Francesco Petrarch: Florentine, 1300’s, early Renaissance Humanist, Sonnets to Laura. Invented the Sonnet.
Castiglione: author of courtly manners, skills, and virtues that court members should have.Machiavelli: wrote, “The Prince”. A guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by any means necessary.
Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest and humanist, used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a Greek New Testament.
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, described the ideal society, martyred, saint.
Francois Rabelais: monk, physician, scholar, wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright, 37 plays. Wrote comedies, histories and tragedies, 1,700 words invented.
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote.
Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press in 1456, printed the first complete version of the Bible.
Religion Terms Matching: (15)
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that offered indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.Anglican Church: English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating this.Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
Science People Matching: (14)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.Galileo Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic ChurchRene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases. Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
After the Reformation People Matching: (10)
King Henry VIII: set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, beheaded.Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms.Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough, reformed.
Literature and Art Matching: (14)
Mona Lisa: most popular painting of DaVinci, woman with a mysterious smile.
Last Supper: shows Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper, DaVinci.
La Pieta: the sorrow of Mary as she cradles dead Christ, Michaelangelo.
David: Michaelangelo, statue of David, the Biblical Shepherd King, harmony of Greek and Christian traditions.
The Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ book, used humor to expose immoral behavior of his time.
The Prince, Machiavelli.
Courtly Manners, Castiglione.
Utopia: written by Thomas More, describes a perfect society.
Gargantua and Pantagruel: offered opinions on religion and education, written by Rabelais.
Don Quixote: book written by Cervantes, mocks the romantic notion of medieval chivalry.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe.
Concept Matching: (15)
renaissance: began in Italy, means rebirth in French, began in the 1300’s, peaked in the 1500’s. Arts, science, and math all flourish.
patron: financial supporter, in the Renaissance primarily focused on the arts.antiquity: the study of Greek and Roman classics.
humanities: the subject of study in classical education.perspective: making distant objects smaller, visually realistic.
vernacular: the everyday language, spoken by the people.
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
humanism: intellectual movement that founded the Renaissance, focused on the value of the individual.
Early Renaissance Italy People Matching: (7)
Cosimo de'Medici: gained control of the Florentine government in 1434, uncrowned rulers of the city.Lorenzo de'Medici: the Magnificent, represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together in the 1400’s.Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator, sailed to the Americas in 1492, thought he was in India. Donatello: sculptor, first life size figure since ancient times.Leonardo DaVinci: born in 1452, jack of all trades, created the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
Michaelangelo: La Pieta, dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Master of sculpting, painting and architecture.Raphael: youngest Renaissance genius, blend of Christianity and classics. Best known for depictions of Mary, the Mother of Jesus.
True / False: CORRECT FALSE ANSWERS. (30)
gravity: Isaac Newton’s single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
monk scholars: preserved the classical heritage, catalogued and maintained earthly knowledge. Diet of Worms: Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
Peasant's Revolt: 1524, spread throughout Germany, an end to serfdom. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
Peace of Augsburg: Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V tried to force Luther and Princes back in to the Catholic, in 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.modern Anabaptists: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish. compromise: Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.Council of Trent: called for in 1545 to established to the direction of reforms, reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists: everyone persecuted each other, Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same, both hated Anabaptists.Witch Hunts: 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.ghetto: Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city, started in Venice.yellow badges: Jews were required to wear these any time they left the ghettoes. Jewish migrations: in the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned them from Spanish colonies in America. So they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
scientific laws: anything proved by scientific method: scientific method: step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
Friday, March 13, 2009
6th Grade Central American Exam Terms
1500's: Europe colonizes Central America. 1821: United Provinces of Central America separates from Spain.
1838-1839: UPCA forms separate nations.1800's: British leave Nicaragua
1903: Panama gains independence from United States.1979: Sandinistas overthrow a dictator in Nicaragua
1981: British Honduras becomes independent, modern Belize.1980's: El Salvador’s Civil War.1992: end of El Salvador’s Civil War1990: end of Nicaraguan Civil War
Isthmus: a neck of land connecting two larger areas.Archipelago: large group of islandscloud forest: high elevation wet tropical, low clouds are common.hurricane season: between June and November.volcanic ash: natural fertilizer of the Caribbean. mestizo: people of mixed Indian and European heritage.
cacao: a tree with cocoa beans. dictator: a ruler that rules with absolute authority. civil war: a conflict between two or more groups within a nation. ecotourism: using natural beauty to appeal to the tourism industry.
Creole: a language dialect of French Haitians.
Santeria: African religions mixed with Catholicismcalypso: music of Trinidad and Tobago, steeldrums.reggae: Jamaican music, mixture of ska and rocksteady.meringue: national dance and music of the Dominican Republicguerilla: armed irregular warfare, raids, hit and run tactics.refugees: some one who flees to another country seeking refuge.embargo: a limit on trade, currently the U.S. has an embargo Cuba.
plantains: starchy bananas used for cooking.commonwealth: self governing territory associated with another country.
Greater Antilles: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico.
Lesser Antilles: Virgin Islands, to Trinidad and Tobago
The Bahamas: nearly 700 islands, and thousands of reefs.
Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate: colliding plates of the Caribbean
Indian Labor: brought in by the British to labor in the plantations.
UPCA: United Provinces of Central America.
Catholicism: the predominant religion of Central America.
Protestants: a large minority in Central America
cooperatives: organization whose members work together for common good, Cuba has cooperative farms.
1838-1839: UPCA forms separate nations.1800's: British leave Nicaragua
1903: Panama gains independence from United States.1979: Sandinistas overthrow a dictator in Nicaragua
1981: British Honduras becomes independent, modern Belize.1980's: El Salvador’s Civil War.1992: end of El Salvador’s Civil War1990: end of Nicaraguan Civil War
Isthmus: a neck of land connecting two larger areas.Archipelago: large group of islandscloud forest: high elevation wet tropical, low clouds are common.hurricane season: between June and November.volcanic ash: natural fertilizer of the Caribbean. mestizo: people of mixed Indian and European heritage.
cacao: a tree with cocoa beans. dictator: a ruler that rules with absolute authority. civil war: a conflict between two or more groups within a nation. ecotourism: using natural beauty to appeal to the tourism industry.
Creole: a language dialect of French Haitians.
Santeria: African religions mixed with Catholicismcalypso: music of Trinidad and Tobago, steeldrums.reggae: Jamaican music, mixture of ska and rocksteady.meringue: national dance and music of the Dominican Republicguerilla: armed irregular warfare, raids, hit and run tactics.refugees: some one who flees to another country seeking refuge.embargo: a limit on trade, currently the U.S. has an embargo Cuba.
plantains: starchy bananas used for cooking.commonwealth: self governing territory associated with another country.
Greater Antilles: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico.
Lesser Antilles: Virgin Islands, to Trinidad and Tobago
The Bahamas: nearly 700 islands, and thousands of reefs.
Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate: colliding plates of the Caribbean
Indian Labor: brought in by the British to labor in the plantations.
UPCA: United Provinces of Central America.
Catholicism: the predominant religion of Central America.
Protestants: a large minority in Central America
cooperatives: organization whose members work together for common good, Cuba has cooperative farms.
8th Grade, chapter 22 terms
22.1 (24)
Second Industrial Revolution
Henry Bessemer
Bessemer process
George Westinghouse
George Pullman
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Dr. Benjamin Silliman Jr.
Nikolaus A. Otto
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Thomas Alva Edison
Patents
Alexander Graham Bell
Free enterprise
Entrepreneurs
Corporations
Andrew Carnegie
Vertical integration
John D. Rockefeller
Horizontal integration
Trust
Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer
John Sherman
Sherman Antitrust Act
22.2 (16)
Specialization
Frederick W. Taylor
Collective bargaining
Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
Mary Harris Jones
American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers
Haymarket Riot
Anarchists
Henry Frick
Homestead strike
Pinkerton agency
Pullman strike
Eugene V. Debs
Grover Cleveland
22.3 (14)
old immigrants
new immigrants
steerage
Ellis Island
benevolent societies
Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Immigration Restriction League
Elisha Otis
Suburbs
Settlement houses
Hull House
Jane Addams
Ellen Gates Starr
22.4 (16)
Oliver Hudson Kelley
National Grange
Munn v Illinois
Wabash v Illinois
Interstate Commerce Act
Interstate Commerce Commission
Free coinage
Gold standard
William Jennings Bryan
Bland-Ellison Act
Benjamin Harrison
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Farmer’s Alliances
Populist Party
James B. Weaver
William McKinley
Second Industrial Revolution
Henry Bessemer
Bessemer process
George Westinghouse
George Pullman
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Dr. Benjamin Silliman Jr.
Nikolaus A. Otto
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Thomas Alva Edison
Patents
Alexander Graham Bell
Free enterprise
Entrepreneurs
Corporations
Andrew Carnegie
Vertical integration
John D. Rockefeller
Horizontal integration
Trust
Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer
John Sherman
Sherman Antitrust Act
22.2 (16)
Specialization
Frederick W. Taylor
Collective bargaining
Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
Mary Harris Jones
American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers
Haymarket Riot
Anarchists
Henry Frick
Homestead strike
Pinkerton agency
Pullman strike
Eugene V. Debs
Grover Cleveland
22.3 (14)
old immigrants
new immigrants
steerage
Ellis Island
benevolent societies
Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Immigration Restriction League
Elisha Otis
Suburbs
Settlement houses
Hull House
Jane Addams
Ellen Gates Starr
22.4 (16)
Oliver Hudson Kelley
National Grange
Munn v Illinois
Wabash v Illinois
Interstate Commerce Act
Interstate Commerce Commission
Free coinage
Gold standard
William Jennings Bryan
Bland-Ellison Act
Benjamin Harrison
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Farmer’s Alliances
Populist Party
James B. Weaver
William McKinley
Thursday, March 12, 2009
7th Grade 14.3 - 14.5 defined
14.3 (16)
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt, founding of Lutheran faith.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that set up a pulpit in Wittenberg offering indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
Diet of Worms: Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
German Bible: Luther turned the printing press to produce a German Vernacular Bible.
Peasant's Revolt: 1524, spread throughout Germany, an end to serfdom. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
Peace of Augsburg: Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V tried to force Luther and Princes back in to the Catholic, in 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.
Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
14.4 (30)
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.
Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.
modern Anabaptists: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish.
King Henry VIII: had problems with his wives, set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.
Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, wanted to leave Catherine of Aragon for a new, better looking woman, in the hopes that she would yield him a son.
Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.
Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.
canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.
Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.
Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms, he would die in his teens, Mary Tudor would take the thrown after him.
Anglican Church: Queen Elizabeth reaffirms that the English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating the Anglican Church.
compromise: Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.
Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.
Council of Trent: called for in 1545 to established to the direction of reforms, reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.
Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.
Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough. They lived in isolation, fasted, and poverty, was asked to reform other monastic groups, canonized as a saint.
Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists: everyone persecuted each other, Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same, both hated Anabaptists.
Witch Hunts: 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
ghetto: Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city, started in Venice.
yellow badges: Jews were required to wear these any time they left the ghettoes.
Jewish migrations: in the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned them from Spanish colonies in America. So they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
14.5 (24)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.
N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.
Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.
Galilio Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic Church, threatened with death and was forced to retract his findings.
Inquisition: the court of the church, ordered Galileo denounce his theory.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
scientific laws: anything proved by scientific method.
scientific method: step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
Rene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.
Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”
Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
gravity: Isaac Newton’s single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: Newton’s publish, explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe, all movement can be measured and described mathematically.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases.
Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.
Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.
Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.
William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt, founding of Lutheran faith.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that set up a pulpit in Wittenberg offering indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
Diet of Worms: Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
German Bible: Luther turned the printing press to produce a German Vernacular Bible.
Peasant's Revolt: 1524, spread throughout Germany, an end to serfdom. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
Peace of Augsburg: Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V tried to force Luther and Princes back in to the Catholic, in 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.
Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
14.4 (30)
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.
Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.
modern Anabaptists: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish.
King Henry VIII: had problems with his wives, set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.
Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, wanted to leave Catherine of Aragon for a new, better looking woman, in the hopes that she would yield him a son.
Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.
Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.
canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.
Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.
Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms, he would die in his teens, Mary Tudor would take the thrown after him.
Anglican Church: Queen Elizabeth reaffirms that the English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating the Anglican Church.
compromise: Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.
Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.
Council of Trent: called for in 1545 to established to the direction of reforms, reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.
Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.
Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough. They lived in isolation, fasted, and poverty, was asked to reform other monastic groups, canonized as a saint.
Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists: everyone persecuted each other, Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same, both hated Anabaptists.
Witch Hunts: 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
ghetto: Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city, started in Venice.
yellow badges: Jews were required to wear these any time they left the ghettoes.
Jewish migrations: in the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned them from Spanish colonies in America. So they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
14.5 (24)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.
N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.
Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.
Galilio Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic Church, threatened with death and was forced to retract his findings.
Inquisition: the court of the church, ordered Galileo denounce his theory.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
scientific laws: anything proved by scientific method.
scientific method: step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
Rene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.
Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”
Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
gravity: Isaac Newton’s single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: Newton’s publish, explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe, all movement can be measured and described mathematically.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases.
Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.
Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.
Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.
William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
8th Grade 21.2 to 21.4 terms defined
21.2
Comstock Load: large load of gold and silver, found in western Nevada, 500 million dollars of gold and silver. Found by Henry Comstock.
Bonanza: a large deposit of precious ore.
Mining dangers: unsafe equipment, little oxygen, little light, dust, explosions, and fire.
Boomtowns: communities that sprang up by mines.
Pony Express: messengers on horseback, used to deliver mail, out of business because of telegraph.
Transcontinental Railroad: railroad connected the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast, the two railways met Promontory, UT
Pacific Railway Acts: the government gave loans and grants to railroad companies to encourage construction.
The Great Race: the Union Pacific started at Omaha, Central Pacific started in Sacramento, met in the middle.
Leland Stanford: part owner of Central Pacific, hired Chinese to work because they would work for less.
Railroad Effects: increase population and economic boom in the west, better transportation.
21.3
Texas Longhorn: a lean and tough mix of English and Spanish breeds, survived on very little water, sold to turn a profit, Texas to be sold in Kansas.
Cattle Drive: long journeys herding cattle to market or grazing lands.
Joseph McCoy: businessman who established the cattle market.
Kansas-Pacific Railroad: shipped cattle from Abilene, KS to the North.
Cattle Kingdom: built ranches that stretched from Texas to Canada.
Open Range: public land that ranchers let their cattle graze.
Elizabeth Collins: her and her husband discontinued mining, moved to Montana to be cattle ranchers. She was successful, the Cattle Queen of Montana.
Charles Goodnight: started the first cattle ranch in Texas.
Range Rights: water rights to ponds and rivers, gave ranchers water for their livestock.
vaqueros: ranch hands who cared for cattle and horses, traditionally Mexican.
Nat Love: African American, autobiography about being a cowboy.
Round Up: a gathering of cattle, traditionally in the springtime.
Chisholm Trail: from San Antonio, TX to Abilene, KS, established by Jesse Chisholm for cattle drives.
Range Wars: competition for more land and water between cattle ranchers.
21.4
Sod Busters: nickname for farmers on the plains, had to break the sod with plows.
Dry Farming: the idea of using plants that don’t need as much water to thrive in the plains, such as wheat.
Homestead Act: gave government owned land to small farmers, white males could get 160 acres for a small registration fee.
Morrill Act: Congress gave land to the western states, encouraging them to built colleges, created land grant universities.
Exodusters: large group of southern African Americans who moved West, called this because of Exodus.
Cyrus McCormick: made a fortune designing, building, and selling farming equipment, specifically the reaper.
Comstock Load: large load of gold and silver, found in western Nevada, 500 million dollars of gold and silver. Found by Henry Comstock.
Bonanza: a large deposit of precious ore.
Mining dangers: unsafe equipment, little oxygen, little light, dust, explosions, and fire.
Boomtowns: communities that sprang up by mines.
Pony Express: messengers on horseback, used to deliver mail, out of business because of telegraph.
Transcontinental Railroad: railroad connected the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast, the two railways met Promontory, UT
Pacific Railway Acts: the government gave loans and grants to railroad companies to encourage construction.
The Great Race: the Union Pacific started at Omaha, Central Pacific started in Sacramento, met in the middle.
Leland Stanford: part owner of Central Pacific, hired Chinese to work because they would work for less.
Railroad Effects: increase population and economic boom in the west, better transportation.
21.3
Texas Longhorn: a lean and tough mix of English and Spanish breeds, survived on very little water, sold to turn a profit, Texas to be sold in Kansas.
Cattle Drive: long journeys herding cattle to market or grazing lands.
Joseph McCoy: businessman who established the cattle market.
Kansas-Pacific Railroad: shipped cattle from Abilene, KS to the North.
Cattle Kingdom: built ranches that stretched from Texas to Canada.
Open Range: public land that ranchers let their cattle graze.
Elizabeth Collins: her and her husband discontinued mining, moved to Montana to be cattle ranchers. She was successful, the Cattle Queen of Montana.
Charles Goodnight: started the first cattle ranch in Texas.
Range Rights: water rights to ponds and rivers, gave ranchers water for their livestock.
vaqueros: ranch hands who cared for cattle and horses, traditionally Mexican.
Nat Love: African American, autobiography about being a cowboy.
Round Up: a gathering of cattle, traditionally in the springtime.
Chisholm Trail: from San Antonio, TX to Abilene, KS, established by Jesse Chisholm for cattle drives.
Range Wars: competition for more land and water between cattle ranchers.
21.4
Sod Busters: nickname for farmers on the plains, had to break the sod with plows.
Dry Farming: the idea of using plants that don’t need as much water to thrive in the plains, such as wheat.
Homestead Act: gave government owned land to small farmers, white males could get 160 acres for a small registration fee.
Morrill Act: Congress gave land to the western states, encouraging them to built colleges, created land grant universities.
Exodusters: large group of southern African Americans who moved West, called this because of Exodus.
Cyrus McCormick: made a fortune designing, building, and selling farming equipment, specifically the reaper.
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
6th Grade 9.3 Terms
Caribbean Plantation Crops
Creole
Santeria
calypso
reggae
merengue
guerilla
refugees
embargo
cooperatives
plantains
commonwealth
Creole
Santeria
calypso
reggae
merengue
guerilla
refugees
embargo
cooperatives
plantains
commonwealth
7th grade Chapter 14.1 and 14.2 Defined
14.1 (27)
Renaissance: began in Italy, means rebirth in French, began in the 1300’s, peaked in the 1500’s. Arts, science, and math all flourish.
Florence: Italy, ruled by the Medici family, one of the centers of the Renaissance, source of inspirations and funding.
Medici Family: Florentine family of banking, thrived, expanded to wool, mining and other business investments. Bought their way in to politics and places of religious importance.
Cosimo de'Medici: gained control of the Florentine government in 1434, uncrowned rulers of the city.
Lorenzo de'Medici: Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together in the 1400’s.
patron: financial supporter, in the Renaissance primarily focused on the arts.
antiquity: the study of Greek and Roman classics.
monk scholars: preserved the classical heritage, catalogued and maintained earthly knowledge.
Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator, sailed to the Americas in 1492, thought he was in Indian.
Nicolas Copernicus: Polish scientist, heliocentric theory.
humanism/humanists: intellectual movement that founded the Renaissance, focused on the value of the individual.
humanities: the subject of study in classical education.
Francesco Petrarch: Florentine, 1300’s, early Renaissance Humanist, found and assembled manuscripts, wrote literature of his own, wrote Sonnets to Laura. Invented the Sonnet.
Donatello: sculptor, first life size figure since ancient times.
perspective: making distant objects smaller, visually realistic.
Leonardo DaVinci: born in 1452, one of the three Renaissance geniuses, jack of all trades, created the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
-Mona Lisa: most popular painting of DaVinci, woman with a mysterious smile.
-Last Supper: shows Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper, DaVinci.
-inventions: DaVinci sketched planes, helicopters and all manner of inventions that no materials existed to create.
Michaelangelo: 1 of 3 Renaissance geniuses, La Pieta, dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Master of sculpting, painting and architecture.
-La Pieta: the sorrow of Mary as she cradles dead Christ, Michaelangelo.
-David: Michaelangelo, statue of David, the Biblical Shepherd King, harmony of Greek and Christian traditions.
Raphael: youngest Renaissance genius, blend of Christianity and classics. Best known for he depictions of Mary, the Mother of Jesus.
-school: depicted the school of Athens, depicting himself.
Castiglione: author of courtly manners, skills, and virtues that court members should have.
Machiavelli: wrote, “The Prince”. A guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by any means necessary.
14.2 (11)
Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest and humanist, used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a Greek edition of the New Testament.
Vernacular: the everyday language, spoken by the people.
The Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ book, used humor to expose immoral behavior of his time.
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, described the ideal society, martyred, saint.
Utopia: written by Thomas More, describes a perfect society.
Francois Rabelais: monk, physician, scholar, wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Gargantua and Pantagruel: offered opinions on religion and education, written by Rabelais.
William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright, 37 plays. Wrote comedies, histories and tragedies, more than 1,700 words invented in his plays.
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote.
Don Quixote: book written by Cervantes, mocks the romantic notion of medieval chivalry.
Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press in 1456, printed the first complete version of the Bible.
Renaissance: began in Italy, means rebirth in French, began in the 1300’s, peaked in the 1500’s. Arts, science, and math all flourish.
Florence: Italy, ruled by the Medici family, one of the centers of the Renaissance, source of inspirations and funding.
Medici Family: Florentine family of banking, thrived, expanded to wool, mining and other business investments. Bought their way in to politics and places of religious importance.
Cosimo de'Medici: gained control of the Florentine government in 1434, uncrowned rulers of the city.
Lorenzo de'Medici: Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together in the 1400’s.
patron: financial supporter, in the Renaissance primarily focused on the arts.
antiquity: the study of Greek and Roman classics.
monk scholars: preserved the classical heritage, catalogued and maintained earthly knowledge.
Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator, sailed to the Americas in 1492, thought he was in Indian.
Nicolas Copernicus: Polish scientist, heliocentric theory.
humanism/humanists: intellectual movement that founded the Renaissance, focused on the value of the individual.
humanities: the subject of study in classical education.
Francesco Petrarch: Florentine, 1300’s, early Renaissance Humanist, found and assembled manuscripts, wrote literature of his own, wrote Sonnets to Laura. Invented the Sonnet.
Donatello: sculptor, first life size figure since ancient times.
perspective: making distant objects smaller, visually realistic.
Leonardo DaVinci: born in 1452, one of the three Renaissance geniuses, jack of all trades, created the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
-Mona Lisa: most popular painting of DaVinci, woman with a mysterious smile.
-Last Supper: shows Christ and his disciples at the Last Supper, DaVinci.
-inventions: DaVinci sketched planes, helicopters and all manner of inventions that no materials existed to create.
Michaelangelo: 1 of 3 Renaissance geniuses, La Pieta, dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Master of sculpting, painting and architecture.
-La Pieta: the sorrow of Mary as she cradles dead Christ, Michaelangelo.
-David: Michaelangelo, statue of David, the Biblical Shepherd King, harmony of Greek and Christian traditions.
Raphael: youngest Renaissance genius, blend of Christianity and classics. Best known for he depictions of Mary, the Mother of Jesus.
-school: depicted the school of Athens, depicting himself.
Castiglione: author of courtly manners, skills, and virtues that court members should have.
Machiavelli: wrote, “The Prince”. A guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by any means necessary.
14.2 (11)
Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest and humanist, used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a Greek edition of the New Testament.
Vernacular: the everyday language, spoken by the people.
The Praise of Folly: Erasmus’ book, used humor to expose immoral behavior of his time.
Thomas More: wrote Utopia, described the ideal society, martyred, saint.
Utopia: written by Thomas More, describes a perfect society.
Francois Rabelais: monk, physician, scholar, wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Gargantua and Pantagruel: offered opinions on religion and education, written by Rabelais.
William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright, 37 plays. Wrote comedies, histories and tragedies, more than 1,700 words invented in his plays.
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote.
Don Quixote: book written by Cervantes, mocks the romantic notion of medieval chivalry.
Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press in 1456, printed the first complete version of the Bible.
7th Grade 14.5 Terms
Ptolemy
N. Copernicus
heliocentric
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galilio Galilei
Inquisition
hypothesis
scientific laws
scientific method
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
Discourse on Method
Sir Isaac Newton
gravity
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
calculus
Robert Boyle
Galen
Ambrose Pare
Andreas Vaselius
William Harvey
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
N. Copernicus
heliocentric
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galilio Galilei
Inquisition
hypothesis
scientific laws
scientific method
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
Discourse on Method
Sir Isaac Newton
gravity
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
calculus
Robert Boyle
Galen
Ambrose Pare
Andreas Vaselius
William Harvey
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
8th Grade 21.2 - 21.4 Terms
21.2
Comstock Load
Bonanza
Mining dangers
Boomtowns
Pony Express
Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Acts
The Great Race
Leland Stanford
Railroad Effects
21.2
Texas Longhorn
Cattle Drive
Joseph McCoy
Kansas-Pacific Railroad
Cattle Kingdom
Open Range
Elizabeth Collins
Charles Goodnight
Range Rights
vaqueros
Nat Love
Round Up
Chisolm Trail
Range Wars
21.4
Sod Busters
Dry Farming
Homestead Act
Morrill Act
Exodusters
Cyrus McCormick
Comstock Load
Bonanza
Mining dangers
Boomtowns
Pony Express
Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Acts
The Great Race
Leland Stanford
Railroad Effects
21.2
Texas Longhorn
Cattle Drive
Joseph McCoy
Kansas-Pacific Railroad
Cattle Kingdom
Open Range
Elizabeth Collins
Charles Goodnight
Range Rights
vaqueros
Nat Love
Round Up
Chisolm Trail
Range Wars
21.4
Sod Busters
Dry Farming
Homestead Act
Morrill Act
Exodusters
Cyrus McCormick
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
7th Grade 14.4 Terms as outlined in class
14.4 Terms
Anabaptists
Munster Uprising
modern Anabaptists
king Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
annulment
Anne Boleyn
Charles V
Act of Supremacy
Sir Thomas More
canonized
Elizabeth
Edward VI
Anglican Church
compromise
Book of Common Prayer
Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
Inquisition
Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuits
Teresa of Avila
Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists
Witch Hunts
scapegoats
Conversos (Jews)
ghetto
yellow badges
Jewish migrations
Anabaptists
Munster Uprising
modern Anabaptists
king Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
annulment
Anne Boleyn
Charles V
Act of Supremacy
Sir Thomas More
canonized
Elizabeth
Edward VI
Anglican Church
compromise
Book of Common Prayer
Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
Inquisition
Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuits
Teresa of Avila
Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists
Witch Hunts
scapegoats
Conversos (Jews)
ghetto
yellow badges
Jewish migrations
Monday, March 9, 2009
7th Grade 13.3 Terms
indulgences
Martin Luther
95 Theses
Johann Tetzel
recant
Diet of Worms
Lutheranism
German Bible
Peasant's Revolt
Peace of Augsburg
John Calvin
Ulrich Zwingli
predestination
Calvinism
theocracy
Huguenots
Martin Luther
95 Theses
Johann Tetzel
recant
Diet of Worms
Lutheranism
German Bible
Peasant's Revolt
Peace of Augsburg
John Calvin
Ulrich Zwingli
predestination
Calvinism
theocracy
Huguenots
8th grade terms defined, kind of jumbled.
Reconstruction Matching: (10)
John Wilkes Booth: assassinated Abe Lincoln at the Ford TheatreAndrew Johnson: Lincoln’s vice president, took over after he was shot.Thaddeus Stevens: one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans, wanted economic and political justice for African Americans and poor white Southerners.
Hiram Revels: 1870, first African American in the SenateBlanche K. Bruce: Mississippi republican, U.S. Senator, African AmericanHenry W. Grady: Atlanta newspaper editor, wanted to use the South’s resources of cotton and cheap labor
Mark Twain: wrote stories about the South, most famous writer about the South.George Washington Cable: wrote about and African American community in New Orleans, protested racism in the South.Joel Chandler Harris: fictional plantation life, showed the white man taking care of blacksCharles W. Chesnutt: African American author, showed the greed and cruelty of slave holders
Native American Matching: (10)
Black Kettle: didn’t fight, refused to be moved, Sand Creek Massacre Crazy Horse: 1866 Chief, Sioux Chief, ambushed and killed 81 Calvary troopsWilliam Tecumseh Sherman: leader of the U.S. army in the West
George Armstrong Custer: command of the U.S. army 7th Cavalry, lost the Battle of Little Big Horn.Sitting Bull: Sioux leader, protested demands of U.S. government, fled to Canada after the Battle of Little Big Horn.
Wovoka: Paiute Indian, began the Ghost Dance, “The Prophet”
Kit Carson: former scout, led U.S. troops in raids on the Navajo.
Chief Joseph: Nez Perce leader, sent to the reservation in Idaho, chased down and sent to Oklahoma
Geronimo: U.S. was after him for leaving the reservation with a band of raiders.Sarah Winnemucca: one of the first American Indians to call for reforms of the Reservation System
Native American Geography Matching: (5)
Apache: TX OKComanche: TX OKCheyenne : central plainsPawnee: NESioux: Minnesota Montana
Summarize Each Amendment: (6)
13th Amendment: slavery is illegal, Dec 18th 1865
14th Amendment: all people born or naturalized are U.S. citizens, except for Indians, guaranteed equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment: African American men have the right to vote, 1870. Women can’t vote, and African American men can’t hold office.
Term Matching: (10)
Reconstruction: the reunited of the Nation, bringing the South back to the Union without slavery.
impeachment: to vote to bring charges against the president
carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South during reconstructionscalawags: Southern Republicans that “betrayed” the South
redeemers: democrats who promised to gain control of the south.
Segregation: forced separation of whites and blacks in public places
sharecropping: land owners supply land, workers provide labor, new slavery
spirituals: songs based on Christian hymns, based on African music.
Reservations: federal lands set aside for American Indians.
Freedmen's Bureau: provide relief for all poor people in the South.
Date Matching: (5)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
General Amnesty Act of 1872Panic of 1873Civil Rights Act of 1875Compromise of 1877
Native American Matching P2: (5)
Treaty of Fort Laramie: miners and settlers could pass through Northern Plains Nation peacefully.Treaty of Medicine Lodge: most natives move to reservations, 1867.Battle of Little Big Horn: 1876, U.S. defeat at the hands of Sioux, last major victory, “Custer’s Last Stand”Massacre at Wounded Knee: U.S. troops put down a rebellion they believed would take place from the Ghost Dance.Dawes General Allotment Act: American Indians are forced to adopt the white way of living, private ownership of land. Stole 2/3rds of the native’s land.
True / False: CORRECT FALSE (24)10% Plan: to receive amnesty in the South, 10% percent of the population must swear an oath to return to the Union.Wade-Davis Bill: a state had to ban slavery, the majority of adult males had to swear loyalty, Lincoln refused to sign the bill in to law.Johnson's Reconstruction: set up the new Southern government, set up temporary governors, required oaths, new state officials from the South in Congress.Black Codes: laws that limited the freedoms of African AmericansRadical Republicans: wanted the South to change more before joining the Union, specifically in relationship to African Americans.Reconstruction Acts: divided the South in to 5 military districts1868 Election: Henry Seymour ran for the Democrats, Grant ran for the Republicans, Grant won.Ku Klux Klan: society of white opposed to civil rights, used violence to control poll tax: special tax paid in order to voteJim Crow Laws: laws that required segregation, aimed at blacksPlessy v Ferguson: established the separate but equal doctrine.mill diseases: cotton lung, asthma, potential loss of limb.
John Wilkes Booth: assassinated Abe Lincoln at the Ford TheatreAndrew Johnson: Lincoln’s vice president, took over after he was shot.Thaddeus Stevens: one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans, wanted economic and political justice for African Americans and poor white Southerners.
Hiram Revels: 1870, first African American in the SenateBlanche K. Bruce: Mississippi republican, U.S. Senator, African AmericanHenry W. Grady: Atlanta newspaper editor, wanted to use the South’s resources of cotton and cheap labor
Mark Twain: wrote stories about the South, most famous writer about the South.George Washington Cable: wrote about and African American community in New Orleans, protested racism in the South.Joel Chandler Harris: fictional plantation life, showed the white man taking care of blacksCharles W. Chesnutt: African American author, showed the greed and cruelty of slave holders
Native American Matching: (10)
Black Kettle: didn’t fight, refused to be moved, Sand Creek Massacre Crazy Horse: 1866 Chief, Sioux Chief, ambushed and killed 81 Calvary troopsWilliam Tecumseh Sherman: leader of the U.S. army in the West
George Armstrong Custer: command of the U.S. army 7th Cavalry, lost the Battle of Little Big Horn.Sitting Bull: Sioux leader, protested demands of U.S. government, fled to Canada after the Battle of Little Big Horn.
Wovoka: Paiute Indian, began the Ghost Dance, “The Prophet”
Kit Carson: former scout, led U.S. troops in raids on the Navajo.
Chief Joseph: Nez Perce leader, sent to the reservation in Idaho, chased down and sent to Oklahoma
Geronimo: U.S. was after him for leaving the reservation with a band of raiders.Sarah Winnemucca: one of the first American Indians to call for reforms of the Reservation System
Native American Geography Matching: (5)
Apache: TX OKComanche: TX OKCheyenne : central plainsPawnee: NESioux: Minnesota Montana
Summarize Each Amendment: (6)
13th Amendment: slavery is illegal, Dec 18th 1865
14th Amendment: all people born or naturalized are U.S. citizens, except for Indians, guaranteed equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment: African American men have the right to vote, 1870. Women can’t vote, and African American men can’t hold office.
Term Matching: (10)
Reconstruction: the reunited of the Nation, bringing the South back to the Union without slavery.
impeachment: to vote to bring charges against the president
carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South during reconstructionscalawags: Southern Republicans that “betrayed” the South
redeemers: democrats who promised to gain control of the south.
Segregation: forced separation of whites and blacks in public places
sharecropping: land owners supply land, workers provide labor, new slavery
spirituals: songs based on Christian hymns, based on African music.
Reservations: federal lands set aside for American Indians.
Freedmen's Bureau: provide relief for all poor people in the South.
Date Matching: (5)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
General Amnesty Act of 1872Panic of 1873Civil Rights Act of 1875Compromise of 1877
Native American Matching P2: (5)
Treaty of Fort Laramie: miners and settlers could pass through Northern Plains Nation peacefully.Treaty of Medicine Lodge: most natives move to reservations, 1867.Battle of Little Big Horn: 1876, U.S. defeat at the hands of Sioux, last major victory, “Custer’s Last Stand”Massacre at Wounded Knee: U.S. troops put down a rebellion they believed would take place from the Ghost Dance.Dawes General Allotment Act: American Indians are forced to adopt the white way of living, private ownership of land. Stole 2/3rds of the native’s land.
True / False: CORRECT FALSE (24)10% Plan: to receive amnesty in the South, 10% percent of the population must swear an oath to return to the Union.Wade-Davis Bill: a state had to ban slavery, the majority of adult males had to swear loyalty, Lincoln refused to sign the bill in to law.Johnson's Reconstruction: set up the new Southern government, set up temporary governors, required oaths, new state officials from the South in Congress.Black Codes: laws that limited the freedoms of African AmericansRadical Republicans: wanted the South to change more before joining the Union, specifically in relationship to African Americans.Reconstruction Acts: divided the South in to 5 military districts1868 Election: Henry Seymour ran for the Democrats, Grant ran for the Republicans, Grant won.Ku Klux Klan: society of white opposed to civil rights, used violence to control poll tax: special tax paid in order to voteJim Crow Laws: laws that required segregation, aimed at blacksPlessy v Ferguson: established the separate but equal doctrine.mill diseases: cotton lung, asthma, potential loss of limb.
Thursday, March 5, 2009
6th Grade 9.1 and 9.2 terms
9.1
Isthmus
Archipelago
Greater Antilles
Lesser Antilles
The Bahamas
Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate
Central American Climates
cloud forest
Caribbean Climates
hurricane season
volcanic ash
bauxite (Jamaica)
copper (Panama)
9.2
35 million...
Maya
1500's
1600's
Indian Labor
African Labor
1821
UPCA
1838-1839
1903
1800's
1981
mestizo
Spanish
Catholicism
Protestants
Traditional foods
cacao
Saints' Feast Days
dictator
elected government
Mayan language
civil war
1980's
1992
1990
Sandinistas
1979
ecotoursim
Panama Canal
(Maya Calendar)
Isthmus
Archipelago
Greater Antilles
Lesser Antilles
The Bahamas
Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate
Central American Climates
cloud forest
Caribbean Climates
hurricane season
volcanic ash
bauxite (Jamaica)
copper (Panama)
9.2
35 million...
Maya
1500's
1600's
Indian Labor
African Labor
1821
UPCA
1838-1839
1903
1800's
1981
mestizo
Spanish
Catholicism
Protestants
Traditional foods
cacao
Saints' Feast Days
dictator
elected government
Mayan language
civil war
1980's
1992
1990
Sandinistas
1979
ecotoursim
Panama Canal
(Maya Calendar)
7th Grade Renaissance Terms 14.1
14.1
Renaissance
Florence
Medici Family
Cosimo de'Medici
Lorenzo de'Medici
patron
antiquity
monk scholars
Christopher Columbus
Nicolas Copernicus
humanism/humanists
humanities
Francesco Petrarch
Donatello
perspective
Leonardo DaVinci
-Mona Lisa
-Last Supper
-inventions
Michaelangelo
-La Pieta
-David
Raphael
-paintings
-school
Castiglione
Machiavelli
Renaissance
Florence
Medici Family
Cosimo de'Medici
Lorenzo de'Medici
patron
antiquity
monk scholars
Christopher Columbus
Nicolas Copernicus
humanism/humanists
humanities
Francesco Petrarch
Donatello
perspective
Leonardo DaVinci
-Mona Lisa
-Last Supper
-inventions
Michaelangelo
-La Pieta
-David
Raphael
-paintings
-school
Castiglione
Machiavelli
8th Grade 20.4 and 21.1
sharecropping
sharecropper-banker relationship
Henry W. Grady
mill diseases
Mark Twain
Mary Noailles Murfree
George Washington Cable
Joel Chandler Harris
Charles W. Chesnutt
spirituals
21.1
Apache
Comanche
Cheyenne
Arapaho
Pawnee
Sioux
Treaty of Fort Laramie
reservations
Black Kettle
Crazy Horse
William Tecumseh Sherman
Treaty of Medicine Lodge
Quanah Parker
George Armstrong Custer
Sitting Bull
Battle of Little Big Horn
Wovoka
Ghost Dance
Massacre at Wounded Knee
Kit Carson
Bosque Redondo
Chief Joseph
Nez Perce
Geronimo
Srah Winnemucca
Dawes General Allotment Act
sharecropper-banker relationship
Henry W. Grady
mill diseases
Mark Twain
Mary Noailles Murfree
George Washington Cable
Joel Chandler Harris
Charles W. Chesnutt
spirituals
21.1
Apache
Comanche
Cheyenne
Arapaho
Pawnee
Sioux
Treaty of Fort Laramie
reservations
Black Kettle
Crazy Horse
William Tecumseh Sherman
Treaty of Medicine Lodge
Quanah Parker
George Armstrong Custer
Sitting Bull
Battle of Little Big Horn
Wovoka
Ghost Dance
Massacre at Wounded Knee
Kit Carson
Bosque Redondo
Chief Joseph
Nez Perce
Geronimo
Srah Winnemucca
Dawes General Allotment Act
Friday, February 27, 2009
7th Grade 13.3, 13.4, 13.5 terms
13.3
China-Korea geography: Korea is a peninsula that juts out from the Chinese mainland, separated by the Yellow River.
108 BC: Han Emperor invades Korea, sets up a military colony. Chinese culture and technology spreads to Korea during the Wudi, Han invasion.
Koguryo: Northern Kingdom part of the Paekche and Shilla, they separated into three.
Paekche: one of three separate Kingdoms, Southwest Kingdom.
Shilla: one of three separate Kingdoms, Southeast, united the Peninsula.
Mahayana Buddhism: took route among the rulers and nobles, monks took up the mission to spread Buddhism by studying in India and China, brought Chinese and Indian technologies and arts back to Korea.
Shilla Dynasty: 668 – 918 AD
Koryo Dynasty: 918 – 1392 AD, Buddhism reached its greatest influence, Kaesong capital.
Choson Dynasty: 1392 – 1910 AD.
Confucian Ideas: effected women’s rights, helped seal the relationship between China and Korea.
Koryo Buddhism: Korean scholars wrote histories and poems based on Buddhist Chinese principles.
Wood block printing: technology that spread from China to Korea, used to produce many Buddhists texts.
Celadon: porcelain with a blue-green glaze, Koreans learned porcelain from China, added the glaze.
Yi Song-gye: brilliant general, set up the Choson Dynasty in 1392.
Choson Dynasty: government based on Confucian principals, longest dynasty.
King Sejong: 1443, replaced the Chinese system of writing with Hangul. Korea’s most celebrated ruler.
Hangul: alphabet ordered made by Sejong, easier to read, increased literacy rate.
Japanese invasions: 1590’s Japan tried to invade China through Korea, failed.
13.4
archipelago: chain of islands, Japan is an archipelago 400 miles off of the Asian mainland.
terrain/climate: mild climate, rainy, most of the population lives in valleys.
sea relationship: provided protection, isolation, trade and food resource.
Ring of Fire: volcanic area, includes most Asian Islands, constantly causes earthquakes.
Tsunami: giant wave from seismic activity associated with the Ring of Fire.
Ainu: early inhabitants of Japan, pushed North to Hokaido.
Uji/clans: each Uji had its own god or goddess, Japan was divided into uji.
Yamato: AD 500, came to dominate Honshu, for the next 1000 years was the heartland of Japanse government, claimed direct descent from the Sun god, Japan’s only dynasty.
Amaterasu: sun goddess, Yamato Clan claims descent from her.
Shinto: not a major religion, worship of the forces of nature, a focus on natural things.
Korean Relations: Japanese and Korean languages were distantly relations, Korean artisans brought skills to Japan, Korean missionaries introduced Buddhism, Japanese upper class often claimed Korean relation.
Buddhist Missions: AD 500 Korean missionaries introduced Buddhism to Japan, brought over China culture, created an interest in China in Japan.
Prince Shotoku: of the Yamato Clan, decided to learn about China directly, sent young nobles to China in the early 600’s.
Heavenly Emperor: a title that Japanese rulers adopted from China.
Nara: built in 710, Capital, Chinese influence on architecture.
Confucian influence: ideas and ethics took route in Japan, emphasis on filial piety.
Selective borrowing: the demand for all things Chinese dies down, Japan adopts some, modifies others, ignores some Chinese ideas.
Kana: phonetic symbols, representing sounds, a revised system of Chinese writing for Japan.
Heian/Kyoto: 794-1185. Heian is the capital, changed to Kyoto. Fujiwara ruled from there.
Fujiwara: a wealthy court family, wielded real power and married their daughters into the thrown, ensuring their power.
Sei Shonagon: a lady in waiting to the emperess, wrote the Pillow Book, anecdotes and personal observations about court.
Lady Murasaki: the best known Heian writer, Se Shonagon’s rival, wrote the world’s first full length novel. The Tale of Genji.
13.5
shogun: supreme military commander, held true power, not the emperor
Minamoto Yoritomo: appointed shogun in 1192, began one of three military dynasties.
Kamakura Shogunate: first of three military dynasties that would rule for nearly 700 years, established by Yoritomo.
daimyo: great warrior lords, land was given to them by the shogunate in return for military service in times of need.
samurai: member of the warrior class in Japanese feudal society, name means those who serve, fighting aristocracy.
bushido: the way of the warrior, the samurai’s code. Honor above all else, trained to endure hardship and pain.
seppuku: ritual suicide that should be performed if you betrayed bushido. Better to die than to live in shame.
peasantry: far below the samurai, 75% of the population, the backbone of feudal society, largely agrarian, tended to the land, would serve as foot soldiers on occasion.
Kublai Khan: launched invasion 1274 from Korea, ships were destroyed, 1281, ships ruined again.
kamikaze: divine wind, Japanese credited Kublai’s losses to divine intervention.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi: a commoner by birth, brilliant general that took Japan under his control, failed to capture Korea and China.
Tokugawa Ieyasu: created a unified and ordered society, strict rule on people, lower classes were forbidden from wearing silk, women more restriction, opened the capital.
Edo: shogun’s capital, present day Tokyo, center of arts and theatre.
Tokugawa Feudalism: ended feudal warfare, imposed central government over feudal structure.
Tokugawa economics: shoguns tried to hold back social growth, agriculture grew, Edo bloomed, trade roads linked the island(s). A wealthy merchant class emerged, arranged marriages into samurai class to improve social status.
Zen Buddhism: focused on meditation, and devotion to duty. Contradicting traditions over life, and the nature of master and student. Enlightenment through meditation and every day tasks.
No: 1300’s feudal culture performs plays, presented Zen Buddhist themes.
kabuki: new form of drama, inspired by No plays, melodrama, women were banned, exaggerated movements to convey action.
Okuni: famous for Kabuki, famous for her performance in warrior roles, actress and temple dance.
Bunraku: puppet plays that were popular in middle class towns, narration and puppet acting.
Kenko: Zen Buddhist, wrote a collection of short essays about Zen values and observations on human nature.
Haiku: miniature poems of 3 lines, 17 syllables. Express a feeling, thought or idea.
China-Korea geography: Korea is a peninsula that juts out from the Chinese mainland, separated by the Yellow River.
108 BC: Han Emperor invades Korea, sets up a military colony. Chinese culture and technology spreads to Korea during the Wudi, Han invasion.
Koguryo: Northern Kingdom part of the Paekche and Shilla, they separated into three.
Paekche: one of three separate Kingdoms, Southwest Kingdom.
Shilla: one of three separate Kingdoms, Southeast, united the Peninsula.
Mahayana Buddhism: took route among the rulers and nobles, monks took up the mission to spread Buddhism by studying in India and China, brought Chinese and Indian technologies and arts back to Korea.
Shilla Dynasty: 668 – 918 AD
Koryo Dynasty: 918 – 1392 AD, Buddhism reached its greatest influence, Kaesong capital.
Choson Dynasty: 1392 – 1910 AD.
Confucian Ideas: effected women’s rights, helped seal the relationship between China and Korea.
Koryo Buddhism: Korean scholars wrote histories and poems based on Buddhist Chinese principles.
Wood block printing: technology that spread from China to Korea, used to produce many Buddhists texts.
Celadon: porcelain with a blue-green glaze, Koreans learned porcelain from China, added the glaze.
Yi Song-gye: brilliant general, set up the Choson Dynasty in 1392.
Choson Dynasty: government based on Confucian principals, longest dynasty.
King Sejong: 1443, replaced the Chinese system of writing with Hangul. Korea’s most celebrated ruler.
Hangul: alphabet ordered made by Sejong, easier to read, increased literacy rate.
Japanese invasions: 1590’s Japan tried to invade China through Korea, failed.
13.4
archipelago: chain of islands, Japan is an archipelago 400 miles off of the Asian mainland.
terrain/climate: mild climate, rainy, most of the population lives in valleys.
sea relationship: provided protection, isolation, trade and food resource.
Ring of Fire: volcanic area, includes most Asian Islands, constantly causes earthquakes.
Tsunami: giant wave from seismic activity associated with the Ring of Fire.
Ainu: early inhabitants of Japan, pushed North to Hokaido.
Uji/clans: each Uji had its own god or goddess, Japan was divided into uji.
Yamato: AD 500, came to dominate Honshu, for the next 1000 years was the heartland of Japanse government, claimed direct descent from the Sun god, Japan’s only dynasty.
Amaterasu: sun goddess, Yamato Clan claims descent from her.
Shinto: not a major religion, worship of the forces of nature, a focus on natural things.
Korean Relations: Japanese and Korean languages were distantly relations, Korean artisans brought skills to Japan, Korean missionaries introduced Buddhism, Japanese upper class often claimed Korean relation.
Buddhist Missions: AD 500 Korean missionaries introduced Buddhism to Japan, brought over China culture, created an interest in China in Japan.
Prince Shotoku: of the Yamato Clan, decided to learn about China directly, sent young nobles to China in the early 600’s.
Heavenly Emperor: a title that Japanese rulers adopted from China.
Nara: built in 710, Capital, Chinese influence on architecture.
Confucian influence: ideas and ethics took route in Japan, emphasis on filial piety.
Selective borrowing: the demand for all things Chinese dies down, Japan adopts some, modifies others, ignores some Chinese ideas.
Kana: phonetic symbols, representing sounds, a revised system of Chinese writing for Japan.
Heian/Kyoto: 794-1185. Heian is the capital, changed to Kyoto. Fujiwara ruled from there.
Fujiwara: a wealthy court family, wielded real power and married their daughters into the thrown, ensuring their power.
Sei Shonagon: a lady in waiting to the emperess, wrote the Pillow Book, anecdotes and personal observations about court.
Lady Murasaki: the best known Heian writer, Se Shonagon’s rival, wrote the world’s first full length novel. The Tale of Genji.
13.5
shogun: supreme military commander, held true power, not the emperor
Minamoto Yoritomo: appointed shogun in 1192, began one of three military dynasties.
Kamakura Shogunate: first of three military dynasties that would rule for nearly 700 years, established by Yoritomo.
daimyo: great warrior lords, land was given to them by the shogunate in return for military service in times of need.
samurai: member of the warrior class in Japanese feudal society, name means those who serve, fighting aristocracy.
bushido: the way of the warrior, the samurai’s code. Honor above all else, trained to endure hardship and pain.
seppuku: ritual suicide that should be performed if you betrayed bushido. Better to die than to live in shame.
peasantry: far below the samurai, 75% of the population, the backbone of feudal society, largely agrarian, tended to the land, would serve as foot soldiers on occasion.
Kublai Khan: launched invasion 1274 from Korea, ships were destroyed, 1281, ships ruined again.
kamikaze: divine wind, Japanese credited Kublai’s losses to divine intervention.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi: a commoner by birth, brilliant general that took Japan under his control, failed to capture Korea and China.
Tokugawa Ieyasu: created a unified and ordered society, strict rule on people, lower classes were forbidden from wearing silk, women more restriction, opened the capital.
Edo: shogun’s capital, present day Tokyo, center of arts and theatre.
Tokugawa Feudalism: ended feudal warfare, imposed central government over feudal structure.
Tokugawa economics: shoguns tried to hold back social growth, agriculture grew, Edo bloomed, trade roads linked the island(s). A wealthy merchant class emerged, arranged marriages into samurai class to improve social status.
Zen Buddhism: focused on meditation, and devotion to duty. Contradicting traditions over life, and the nature of master and student. Enlightenment through meditation and every day tasks.
No: 1300’s feudal culture performs plays, presented Zen Buddhist themes.
kabuki: new form of drama, inspired by No plays, melodrama, women were banned, exaggerated movements to convey action.
Okuni: famous for Kabuki, famous for her performance in warrior roles, actress and temple dance.
Bunraku: puppet plays that were popular in middle class towns, narration and puppet acting.
Kenko: Zen Buddhist, wrote a collection of short essays about Zen values and observations on human nature.
Haiku: miniature poems of 3 lines, 17 syllables. Express a feeling, thought or idea.
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