22.1Sahara: the desert that occupies large regions of North Africa, it is the Arabic word for desert, largest desert in the world.Nile River: world’s longest river, empties into the Mediterranean, flows northward through the eastern Sahara, the source of life in Egypt.Sinai Peninsula: East Mediterranean, triangular, North of the Red Sea, Suez Canal runs along its Western edge.ergs: great seas of sand dunes in the Sahara.regs: broad wind swept gravel plains in the Sahara.Ahaggar Mtns: located in the central Sahara, highest peak 9842 ft.Atlas Mtns: lie on the NW side of the Sahara, peak at 13671 ft. depressions: low areas of large dry lake beds in the Sahara.oasis: place in the desert where springs supply water, small shrubs, grasses or trees grow there.silt: finely ground soil found along the Nile River, great for growing.Suez Canal: links the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, in Egypt.mammal list: gazelles, hyenas, baboons, foxes, and weasels.oil: an important resource in N. Africa.22.23200 BC: Upper and Lower Egyptian Kingdoms unite along the Nile River.pharaohs: Egyptian kings, buried in pyramids and worshipped as divine. hieroglyphics: pictures and symbols that stand for words, ancient Egyptian writing.Alexander the Great: Macedonian King, invaded and conquered Egypt and founded Alexandria.600's AD: Arab armies from SW Asia swept over North Africa.Muslim: predominant faith in N. Africa, set up trade and learning centers.Arabic: major language in Egypt and SW Asia, of Berber origin.1800's: European countries began to colonize North Africa.1912: Europe controls all of N. Africa.1922: Egypt gains limited independence from Great Britain.1950's: Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia become independent.1962: Algeria wins independence from France.1979: Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel.1976: Morocco takes over former Spanish colony of Western Sahara.Bedouins: majority of Egyptian population, nomadic herders.couscous: small pellets of pasta.harissa: spicy red sauce that is served over couscous.fuul: made from fava beans, mashed with olive oil, served with lemons.Naguib Mahfouz: one of Egypt’s famous writers, first Arab to win Nobel Prize.sinter: 3 stringed instrument that originated in Morocco.22.3fellahin: Egyptian farmers on very small plots of land.Cairo: Egypt’s capital and largest city, founded over 1000 years ago on the Nile River.Alexandria: major seaport, over 4 million people, is on the Nile Delta and has a great many industries.Suez Canal: a source of income for Egypt by cutting the trip around Africa into a narrow strip of water.surface Salt: caused by over-watering, causes salts to come to the surface and damage crops.22.4Maghreb: western nations of N. Africa, Arabic for West or direction of the setting sun.Casbah: an old fortress, winding alleys, tall walls found in N. Africa. Souks: North African marketplaces.free port: where no sales tax is levied, Tangier, Morocco. oil: Libya is dependent on this product for its economic well-being.fertilizer: Morocco is dependent on this product for its economic well-being.food: due to its massive amount of desert, Libya is forced to import this.European Union: N. African has a significant trade relationship with this group.dictator: a person who rules with absolute authority.al-Qaddafi: the current dictator of Libya.
23.1zonal: the climates of West Africa that stretch from East to West in bands.Sahara: largest desert in the world, stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea.sahel: south of the Sahara, it is dry grass lands with a steppe climate.harmattan: dry dusty wind that dries south from the Sahara.tsetse fly: a fly in Africa that spreads sleeping sickness.Niger River: the most important W. African River, empties into the Gulf of Guinea.bauxite: key mineral wealth export of West Africa.23.2archaeology: the study of cultures.oral history: spoken word histories passed down.kola: tropical nut used to flavor cola, crop of great currency.800 AD: Ghana becomes rich and powerful.Mansa Musa: king of Mali in the early 1300’s, a wealthy and wise rule that supported the arts.Songhay: 1300’s – 1600’s was a kingdom that took power after the Mali empire declined, established Timbuktu as the center of their empire, Timbuktu was a center of education, eventually fell to Moroccan invasions.1440's: Portuguese began sailing around Africa, named the gold coast for what they brought back.slave trade: a demand for labor in Europe’s American colonies was met by selling enslaved Africans.1800's: slave trade diminishes in W. Africa due to decreased European interest.1820's: Liberia is founded by the United States as a home for freed slaves. 1950's: most of the West Africans begin to gain independence from European nations.1960's: most African nations have gained independence.
1974: Portugal gives up the last W. African colony of Liberia.1996: Chad creates its first democratic constitution.animism: a religion in West Africa that attributes spirits to all natural objects.23.3herd animals: cattle, goats and camels.millet/ sorghum: a grain crop grown in the savannah regions that can survive drought.cotton: Mali’s main export.malaria: a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes, causes death in children.staple crop: a region or country’s major food crop.1950's: Lake Chad shrank to 1/3 of its size.1990's: a Civil War ended in Chad.23.41960's: the Ibos try to break away and form their own nation.secede: to break away from your own country, tried to secede from Nigeria.1970's: a new Nigerian capital was made, Abuja. oil: Nigerians are dependent on oil for their economy, 20% of their GDP, and 65% of their government budget.Wolof: a language spoken by many people in Senegal and The Gambia.griots: West African story tellers that pass down the histories.1980's: a bitter civil war erupts in Liberia.Ivory Coast: Cote D’Ivoire, a former French colony.cacao: a S. American crop that is grown in W. Africa, used to produce chocolate.
