7th Grade 19.1-19.3 Terms Defined

19.1

Tennis Court Oath: third estate declares themselves as the national assembly and invited the other 2 to write laws with them. Under rumours that Louis XVI was going to abolish the national assembly they fled to a nearby tennis court, sworn to never separate, and meet no matter what the place, wouldn’t stop until they had a sound and just constitution.

Louis XVI: King of France late 1700’s, power disagreements with the legislature, well meaning, weak but indecisive. Failed to make economic reforms. Pressured into calling the estates general.

July 1789: the beginning of the French Revolution

Cahiers: list of grievances from the 3 estates, and orders of what is to be done by Louis XVI.

Famine: began in 1780, food prices soared, 80% of income went to food. Peasants started attacking nobles demanding bread. Fomented the rebellion.

First Estate: clergy, wealthy and influential, church owned land and collected tithes, and pay no taxes to the French government.

Second Estate: titled nobility, knights had defended the land, feared losing their privileges of not paying taxes.

Third Estate: everybody else, paid taxes, little to no political identity, no means to overturn 2/3rds majority.

Storming of the Bastille: 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille, commander refused to open the gates, instead opened fire, Parisians stormed The Bastille.

Bourgeoisie: the middle class, the top of the third estate, people of common birth that had done well for themselves.

Declaration of the Rights of Man: issued by the National Assembly, all men are born and remain free, equal rights under the law.

Deficit Spending: spending more money than you are taking in, France was doing this.

Jacques Necker: chosen by Louis to fix France finances. Wanted to tax the first and second estates. Was dismissed for this.

Courvee: the dues aristocrats collect in order to fix roads and bridges, weren’t performing the task, yet demanded to be paid the bag-logged dues. Peasants revolt.

19.2

Marquis de Lafayette: fought alongside G. Washington in the American Revolution, seen as a hero of the moderates, headed the National Guard, instituted the tri-color badge.

Émigrés: nobles, clergy, etc that had fled France during the revolutions beginning.

Edmund Burke: defended American Revolution, condemned the French Revolution, “plots and assassinations will be anticipated by preventive murder and preventive assassination.

Factions: various groups with political agendas ranging from loyal to the monarchy to wanting to abolish the monarchy, Royal Troops all the way to the Paris Commune.

Constitution of 1791: set up a limited monarchy, new legislative assembly with the power to tax, make laws, and war powers. Elected by tax paying male citizens, 83 new departments of roughly equal size. 50,000 men were eligible for service of the 27 million population.

National Assembly: August 4^th, gave up their noble privileges, gave equality to all citizens, 1790, followed the King to Paris and made the civil constitution of the clergy, 1791, completed the constitution that changed the absolute monarchy to a limited monarchy.

Jacobins: revolutionary political group, middle class, published literature to advance the republican cause.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy: bishops and priests became elected and salaried officials of France, conservative peasants and the pope rejected it. Paris and the rural peoples disagree over this.

Paris Commune: replaced the Royalist government of the city, would mobilize neighborhoods for violent protest. Newspapers and progressively more radical groups blossomed under their control.

Declaration of Pilnitz: issued by the King of Prussia and Emperor of Austria, Marie Antoinette’s brother, if threats to the monarchy of France continued they would intervene. Polarized the French revolutionaries into war preparation and violence.

San-culottes: working class men and women, demanded a republic, not a monarchy, threatened to go violent. Without shorts.

National Guard: largely middle class militia, organized in response to the Royal Guard entering Paris, led by Marquis de Lafayette, wore the tri-color.

Women’s March: October 5^th, 1789 thousands of women marched from Paris to Versailles. Refused to leave until the King and family returned to Paris, brought back the following morning. Took up residence in Tulieries as prisoners.

Marie Antoniette: married Louis XVI, under attack for her frivolity, advised moderate reforms, but remained a source of scandal, “let them eat cake”.

April 1792: French Revolutionaries and European monarchs go to war, Austria, Prussia, Germany fight France until 1815.

19.3

Storming of the Tulieres: August 10, 1792, crowd of Parisians slaughtered the king’s guards, the Royal Family fled to the mercy of the assembly.

National Convention: elected by the radicals, controlled by the Jacobins, legislative body that voted to abolished the monarchy and form a republic. Opened suffrage to all men.

Napoleon Bonaparte: popular military hero, won a series of victories against the Austrians. Politicians planned to use him to advance their own goals. Would come to rule France.

Women’s Rights: divorce became easier, women could inherit property, all taken back when Napoleon gains power.

Nationalism: a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country. France became nationalistic and celebrated its greatness with festivities.

Olympe de Gouges: journalist, demanded equal rights for women, wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women.

Reign of Terror: July 1793-July 1794, 40,000 people died, 15% nobles and clergy, 15% middle class, the rest were peasants. Many died from false accusations and mistaken identities. Robespierre was the chief architect of Reign of Terror.

Secular: non-religious, France created a non-religious calendar.

Guillotine: meant to be quick and painless way of execution. The primary mode of execution during the French Revolution.

Robespierre: lawyer, politician, rose to power on the committee of public safety. Enemies called him a tyrant. Promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery.

Committee of Public Safety: created by the convention, 12 members with absolute power, prepared France for war with the levee en masse, required all French citizens to contribute to the war effort.

September Massacres: nobles and clergy are murdered in prison after Tulieres.

Suffrage: voting rights.

Levee en masse: everyone is taxed for the purpose of the war.

La Marseilles: French National Anthem, created when French troops were marching, people of France against tyranny.