14.3 (16)
indulgences: a lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory.
Martin Luther: a German monk, professor, 1517 triggered a protest against church abuses. Led to a full scale revolt, founding of Lutheran faith.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s arguments for reform of the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences.
Johann Tetzel: a priest that set up a pulpit in Wittenberg offering indulgences to people who donated money to St. Peter’s Cathedral.
recant: to give up a doctrine, to deny or change a statement of belief, Luther was asked to recant his 95 Theses.
Diet of Worms: Charles V summoned the German princes to make a decision about Luther.
Lutheranism: Luther’s teachings, rejected corruption, focused on individual salvation.
German Bible: Luther turned the printing press to produce a German Vernacular Bible.
Peasant's Revolt: 1524, spread throughout Germany, an end to serfdom. Luther denounced it, the nobles crushed it.
Peace of Augsburg: Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V tried to force Luther and Princes back in to the Catholic, in 1555 each Prince was allowed to decide which religion would be followed in their land. Northern states chose Lutheranism, South remained Catholic.
John Calvin: founder of Calvinism, based on the belief of predestination, Protestant group.
Ulrich Zwingli: a priest and admirer of Erasmus, rejected elaborate rituals and stressed the importance of the Bible.
predestination: the belief that God had determined long ago who would and would not gain salvation.
theocracy: government run by Church leaders, Calvin set one up in Geneva.Huguenots: French Protestant group that had numerous conflicts with Catholic France.
14.4 (30)
Anabaptists: believed in adult baptism, most were moderate and sought social change.
Munster Uprising: Anabaptists try to bring about the end of the world in Munster,
Protestants and Catholics unite to put down the riot.
modern Anabaptists: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and The Amish.
King Henry VIII: had problems with his wives, set up the Church in England, separate from the Catholic Church, was once a great defender of the faith.
Catherine of Aragon: King Henry VIII’s first wife, gave him a daughter, from Spain.
annulment: the Catholic Church states that the marriage never was and that it was illegitimate. Henry VIII wanted one for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII’s second wife of six, wanted to leave Catherine of Aragon for a new, better looking woman, in the hopes that she would yield him a son.
Charles V: Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, the pope did not want to upset him by annulling Henry VIII’s marriage.
Act of Supremacy: 1534, King Henry VIII, supreme head of the church in England. All monarchs in England rule the Church.
Sir Thomas More: great English Humanist, canonized as a saint, refused to recognize the Act of Supremacy.
canonized: recognized as a saint, canonically within the Catholic Church.
Queen Elizabeth I: English Queen, made a number of reforms, reinstituted the Act of Supremacy.
Edward VI: inherited the thrown from Henry VIII, at the age of 10 in 1547, under him Parliament made more Protestant reforms, he would die in his teens, Mary Tudor would take the thrown after him.
Anglican Church: Queen Elizabeth reaffirms that the English Monarch is the head of the Church in England, creating the Anglican Church.
compromise: Queen Elizabeth found an acceptable middle ground between Catholic and Protestant faiths in England.
Book of Common Prayer: Christian doctrine of text that maintains Catholic practices with a Protestant view.
Catholic Reformation swept across Northern Europe, an attempt to salvage the Catholic Church in lieu of the Protestant Reformation.
Pope Paul III: the leader of the Catholic Reformation, 1530’s and 1540’s tried to reform the Church and fight off the Protestant tide.
Council of Trent: called for in 1545 to established to the direction of reforms, reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.
Inquisition: the Church Court set up in the middle ages to find and fight heresy.
Ignatius of Loyola: founded The Society of Jesus, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
Jesuits: recognized by the Pope in 1540, Society of Jesus, started by Ignatius of Loyola.
Teresa of Avila: born into a wealthy Spanish family, joined a convent in her youth, believed it was not strict enough. They lived in isolation, fasted, and poverty, was asked to reform other monastic groups, canonized as a saint.
Catholics vs Protestants vs Anabaptists: everyone persecuted each other, Protestants killed priests, and trashed churches, Catholic did the same, both hated Anabaptists.
Witch Hunts: 1450-1750, mostly women accused, social outcastes used as scapegoats for problems. Most were found in areas of social conflict, such as Germany and France.
scapegoats: people blamed for problems, regardless of true guilt.
Conversos (Jews): Jews who converted to Christianity, those how did not were more restricted, those who did were watched closely.
ghetto: Jews were confined in a separate corner of the city, started in Venice.
yellow badges: Jews were required to wear these any time they left the ghettoes.
Jewish migrations: in the 1550’s Pope Paul IV, and Charles V banned them from Spanish colonies in America. So they went to Poland, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire.
14.5 (24)
Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer that taught the earth was the center of the universe.
N. Copernicus: 1543, Polish astronomer, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, developed a heliocentric concept.
heliocentric: sun centered system.
Tycho Brahe: 1500’s, supported Copernicus’ theory with more evidence, set up an observatory.
Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer and mathematician, showed that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.
Galilio Galilei: assembled a telescope, proved Copernicus correct. Caused an uproar in the Catholic Church, threatened with death and was forced to retract his findings.
Inquisition: the court of the church, ordered Galileo denounce his theory.
hypothesis: a possible explanation to be tested be tested by scientific methods.
scientific laws: anything proved by scientific method.
scientific method: step by step process used to confirm scientific findings.
Rene Descartes: Frenchman who rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, challenged the nature of science and knowledge.
Francis Bacon: Englishman, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions, stressed experimentation and observation.
Discourse on Method: written by Descartes, discard traditional knowledge and search for proof, “I think therefore I am.”
Sir Isaac Newton: English scientist, developed theory of gravity, wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
gravity: Isaac Newton’s single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and objects grounded.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: Newton’s publish, explains gravity and other laws of physics in the universe, all movement can be measured and described mathematically.
calculus: Newtonian mathematics.
Robert Boyle: 1600’s, distinguished between chemical compounds and individual elements, nature of temperature, pressure on gases.
Galen: errant on the nature of human anatomy, medieval scholar.
Ambrose Pare: French physician, invented stitches, and an ointment to prevent infections.
Andreas Vaselius: 1543, published on the structure of the human body. First to provide accurate detail of human anatomy.
William Harvey: early 1600’s, studied the complete circulation of artery and veins, English scholar.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch inventor of the microscope, studied cells and microorganisms.
