6th Grade 22 and 23 defined

22.1Sahara: the desert that occupies large regions of North Africa, it is the Arabic word for desert, largest desert in the world.Nile River: world’s longest river, empties into the Mediterranean, flows northward through the eastern Sahara, the source of life in Egypt.Sinai Peninsula: East Mediterranean, triangular, North of the Red Sea, Suez Canal runs along its Western edge.ergs: great seas of sand dunes in the Sahara.regs: broad wind swept gravel plains in the Sahara.Ahaggar Mtns: located in the central Sahara, highest peak 9842 ft.Atlas Mtns: lie on the NW side of the Sahara, peak at 13671 ft. depressions: low areas of large dry lake beds in the Sahara.oasis: place in the desert where springs supply water, small shrubs, grasses or trees grow there.silt: finely ground soil found along the Nile River, great for growing.Suez Canal: links the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, in Egypt.mammal list: gazelles, hyenas, baboons, foxes, and weasels.oil: an important resource in N. Africa.22.23200 BC: Upper and Lower Egyptian Kingdoms unite along the Nile River.pharaohs: Egyptian kings, buried in pyramids and worshipped as divine. hieroglyphics: pictures and symbols that stand for words, ancient Egyptian writing.Alexander the Great: Macedonian King, invaded and conquered Egypt and founded Alexandria.600's AD: Arab armies from SW Asia swept over North Africa.Muslim: predominant faith in N. Africa, set up trade and learning centers.Arabic: major language in Egypt and SW Asia, of Berber origin.1800's: European countries began to colonize North Africa.1912: Europe controls all of N. Africa.1922: Egypt gains limited independence from Great Britain.1950's: Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia become independent.1962: Algeria wins independence from France.1979: Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel.1976: Morocco takes over former Spanish colony of Western Sahara.Bedouins: majority of Egyptian population, nomadic herders.couscous: small pellets of pasta.harissa: spicy red sauce that is served over couscous.fuul: made from fava beans, mashed with olive oil, served with lemons.Naguib Mahfouz: one of Egypt’s famous writers, first Arab to win Nobel Prize.sinter: 3 stringed instrument that originated in Morocco.22.3fellahin: Egyptian farmers on very small plots of land.Cairo: Egypt’s capital and largest city, founded over 1000 years ago on the Nile River.Alexandria: major seaport, over 4 million people, is on the Nile Delta and has a great many industries.Suez Canal: a source of income for Egypt by cutting the trip around Africa into a narrow strip of water.surface Salt: caused by over-watering, causes salts to come to the surface and damage crops.22.4Maghreb: western nations of N. Africa, Arabic for West or direction of the setting sun.Casbah: an old fortress, winding alleys, tall walls found in N. Africa. Souks: North African marketplaces.free port: where no sales tax is levied, Tangier, Morocco. oil: Libya is dependent on this product for its economic well-being.fertilizer: Morocco is dependent on this product for its economic well-being.food: due to its massive amount of desert, Libya is forced to import this.European Union: N. African has a significant trade relationship with this group.dictator: a person who rules with absolute authority.al-Qaddafi: the current dictator of Libya.

23.1zonal: the climates of West Africa that stretch from East to West in bands.Sahara: largest desert in the world, stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea.sahel: south of the Sahara, it is dry grass lands with a steppe climate.harmattan: dry dusty wind that dries south from the Sahara.tsetse fly: a fly in Africa that spreads sleeping sickness.Niger River: the most important W. African River, empties into the Gulf of Guinea.bauxite: key mineral wealth export of West Africa.23.2archaeology: the study of cultures.oral history: spoken word histories passed down.kola: tropical nut used to flavor cola, crop of great currency.800 AD: Ghana becomes rich and powerful.Mansa Musa: king of Mali in the early 1300’s, a wealthy and wise rule that supported the arts.Songhay: 1300’s – 1600’s was a kingdom that took power after the Mali empire declined, established Timbuktu as the center of their empire, Timbuktu was a center of education, eventually fell to Moroccan invasions.1440's: Portuguese began sailing around Africa, named the gold coast for what they brought back.slave trade: a demand for labor in Europe’s American colonies was met by selling enslaved Africans.1800's: slave trade diminishes in W. Africa due to decreased European interest.1820's: Liberia is founded by the United States as a home for freed slaves. 1950's: most of the West Africans begin to gain independence from European nations.1960's: most African nations have gained independence.
1974: Portugal gives up the last W. African colony of Liberia.1996: Chad creates its first democratic constitution.animism: a religion in West Africa that attributes spirits to all natural objects.23.3herd animals: cattle, goats and camels.millet/ sorghum: a grain crop grown in the savannah regions that can survive drought.cotton: Mali’s main export.malaria: a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes, causes death in children.staple crop: a region or country’s major food crop.1950's: Lake Chad shrank to 1/3 of its size.1990's: a Civil War ended in Chad.23.41960's: the Ibos try to break away and form their own nation.secede: to break away from your own country, tried to secede from Nigeria.1970's: a new Nigerian capital was made, Abuja. oil: Nigerians are dependent on oil for their economy, 20% of their GDP, and 65% of their government budget.Wolof: a language spoken by many people in Senegal and The Gambia.griots: West African story tellers that pass down the histories.1980's: a bitter civil war erupts in Liberia.Ivory Coast: Cote D’Ivoire, a former French colony.cacao: a S. American crop that is grown in W. Africa, used to produce chocolate.

6th Grade Chapter 23 Terms

23.1
zonal
Sahara
sahel
harmattan
tsetse fly
Niger River
bauxite

23.2
archaeology
oral history
kola
800 AD
Mansa Musa
Songhay
1440's
slave trade
1800's
1820's
WWII
1950's
1960's
1974
1996
animism

23.3
herd animals
millet
sorghum
cotton
malaria
staple crop
1950's
1990's

23.4
1960's
secede
1970's
oil
Wolof
griots
1980's
Ivory Coast
cacao

6th Grade Ch22 Terms

22.1
Sahara
Nile River
Sinai Peninsula
ergs
regs
Ahaggar Mtns
Atlas Mtns
depressions
oasis
silt
Suez Canal
mammal list
oil

22.2
3200 BC
pharaohs
hieroglyphics
Alexander the Great
600's AD
Muslim
Arabic
1800's
1912
1922
1950's
1962
1979
1976
Bedouins
couscous
harissa
fuul
Naguib Mahfouz
sintir

22.3
fellahin
Cairo
Alexandria
Suez Canal
surface Salt

22.4
Maghreb
Casbah
Souks
free port
status of:
-oil
-fertilizer
-food
European Union
dictator
al-Qaddafi

7th Grade Chapter 2, Ancient Egypt and Civilizations of Mesopotamia

2.1
Nile River: provided food protection, trade routes, rich soil, unified Egypt.
cataract: waterfall
delta: triangular area of marshland, formed by deposit of silt at the mouth of some rivers.
King Menes: united Upper and Lower Egypts, using the Nile.
Pharoahs: Egyptian Rulers who organized a strong central state, claimed divine support, believed to be gods, had absolute power.
Ptahotep: vizier who trained young officials, wrote instructions on manners and behaviors in politics.
Hatshepsut: female monarch, ruled after her husband's death, encouraged trade in the Mediterranean and along the Red Sea.
Ramses II: most powerful monarch, pushed his rule into Syria, Egyptian power declined after his death.
Hittites: the largest battle between Egypt and them was saved by Ramses, later they became brothers with the Egyptians.
Pyramid: tombs for eternity, millions of blocks, weighing one to two tons, long term project. Palaces of the dead, signified great strength.

2.2
Amon Re: sun god, the pharoah could talk to him.
Osiris: the ruler of the underworld and the god of the Nile, lived with the dead after being chopped up.
Isis: feminine appeal, goddess of house work, farming, wife of Osiris.
Akenaton: young pharoah, proclaimed Aton's superiority. Ordered priests to stop worshipping other gods, priests resisted.
hieroglyphics: pictographs used by the ancient Egyptians for language.
ideograms: a symbol that represents an idea or action
demotic: simplified language developed by Egyptian scholars for everyday use.
Rosetta Stone: messages carved in demotic, hierglyphics and Greeks, used by the French to understand Hieroglyphics.
Book of the Dead: spells, charms, and formulas to be used in the afterlife.
Nefertiti: wife of Akenaton, supported his goal of monotheism.

2.3
fertile crescent: ark of land from the Persian Gulf to the Eastern Mediterranean, on the floodplain of the Tigres and the Euphrates
Mesopotamia: land between the rivers, Sumerian civilization
Tigres/Euphrates: the two rivers of the fertile crescent.
hierarchy: system of ranks used in a civilization
Sumerian Social Classes: ruling family, leading officials, high priests, then lesser priests and scribes, and the majority/low class were peasant farmers.
Sumerian Religion: polytheistic, gods and goddesses behaved as normal people, caused good and bad, the people should keep the gods happy.
ziggurat: pyramid temple, a shrine to the chief god/goddesses, offered sacrifices there.
cuneiform: earliest form of writing, used a reed pen to make wedge shaped marks in tabelets.
Sumerian mathematics: basic algebra and geometry, number system based on 6.
warlords: acted in times of crisis, became heriditary positions, enforced the law and led in times of war. Seen as chief servants of the gods.

2.4
Hammurabi: king of Babylon, brought Mesopotamia under his control, famous for his laws.
codify: to set down in writing, to make code of.
criminal law: branch of law dealing with offenses to others related to assault, robbery, murder.
civil law: branch of law dealing with private rights, business contracts, inheritance, marriage, divorce.
Hammurabi's Code: not written by Hammurabi, artisans carved them into stone, displayed publicly, common punishments were death, enslavement, or fines.
Satrap: Persian governer of a Satrapy.
barter economy: exchanging a good or service for another.
money economy: exchanging coins for a good or a service.
Phoenicians: famous for sailing, occupied the Eastern Mediterranean, manufacturing and trade. Famous for their purple dye.
alphabet: letters that represent spoken sounds, phonemes.