7th Grade Chap 6 Rome Terms

6.1
750 BC: Latins settle in Tiber Valley
509 BC: Latins defeat Etruscans, Roman State begins
Republic: “thing of the people”, some officials were chosen by people, designed to keep any individual from gaining too much power, the senate was the most powerful part.
Senators: those in the senate, made the laws.
Patricians: members of the land holding upper class, in the senate of the early republic.
Consuls: each year senators elected two consuls, they supervised government business and commanded armies.
Dictator: ruler with complete control over the government ruled for six months and then had to resign; appointed in times of crisis or need.
Cincinnatus: ideal dictator, organized an army, led to victory, celebrated and returned power in 16 days.
Plebeians: farmers, merchants, artisans and traders. The bulk of the population, in early Rome they had no influence in the government.
450 BC: Laws made public
Tribunes: elected by Plebeians to protect their interest in the senate.
Veto: to block a law, Tribunes had the power to veto the laws of the senate on behalf of the plebeians.
Patriarch: Rome is a patriarchal society, father demands total respect.
Women's Roles: women could run business from the home.
Roman Education: boys, and girls learned to read and write regardless
Roman gods: resembled the gods of Etruscans and Greeks.
Jupiter: like Zeus, ruled the sky and other gods.
Neptune: like Poseidon, ruled the sea.
Juno: protected marriage.
Mars: god of war.
Calendar, festivals: calendar outlined festivals to honor the gods, temples were built to host the celebrations.
270 BC: Rome controls most of the Italian Peninsula
Legion: basic Roman military unit, 5000 men.
Citizen Soldiers: Roman armies were made up of these, no pay, provided their own weapons. Raised to value courage, loyalty, and respect for authority.
Conquered autonomy: Rome conquered all, allowed the conquered to maintain their own government.
Roman infrastructure: made up roads and aqueduct, trade routes and brought needed water.
6.2
Carthage: Rome conquered them, city state on the North African coast. Conflict led to the Punic Wars.
246-146 BC: 3 Punic Wars, 1: Rome takes Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia. 2: Hannibal attacks from the north and surprises Rome, Rome attacks Carthage drawing Hannibal away, Hannibal is defeated at Carthage and gives all land except Africa. 3: Rome enslaves and kills all Carthage, salts the earth.
Hannibal: Carthaginian general, led a march through Iberia and Gaul, losing half his forces in the process. Surprise attacks the Italian Peninsula, is drawn away by Rome and is defeated at Carthage.
218 BC: Hannibal's March
Imperialism: Roman domination, politically, militarily, economically.
Provinces: lands controlled or ruled by Rome.
Mare Nostrum: “Our Sea”, what the Romans called the Mediterranean, their empire.
Latifundia: huge estates bought by wealthy families, as Romans conquered more lands.
Tiberius, Gaius Gracchus: among the first to attempt to reform Rome, Tiberius was elected tribune, distributed land, Gaius later used public funds to buy grain for the poor.
Julius Caesar: Roman military commander, politically dominant with his friend Pompey. 59 BC set out to conquer Gaul, victorious. Pompey betrays Julius to the senate, ordering him to disband his army and return to Rome. Julius defies the order, crosses the Rubicon and makes the senate hand over power.
Caesar's Reform: employ the jobless, land to the poor, recognized provincial governments and expanded citizenship.
Caesar's Death: March 44 BC, enemies were worried he would make himself king, stabbed to death. Marc Anthony and Octavian hunt down his enemies.
Marc Antony: Caesar’s chief general, loved Cleopatra of Egypt. Hunted down Caesar’s enemies, quarreled with Octavian and was beaten.
Octavian: Caesar’s grand nephew, joined with Marc to rout out the murders, defeated Marc to become princeps.
Augustus: declared himself princep, same power as a king, end of the republic.
Princeps: all the powers of a king, but not called a king.
census: population count for the purpose of taxes.
Caligula: evil and insane emperor, appointed his favorite horse as counsel.
Nero: evil and insane emperor, blamed and persecuted Christians for burning Rome.
Marcus Aurelius: philosopher emperor, Platonic ideal of philosopher king, practiced stoicism.
Meditations: M.A.’s stoicism writings and his commitment to duty.
Pax Romana: Roman Peace, 200 year span, Augustus to Aurelius, brought peace order and unity to Europe.
Circus Maximus: Rome’s largest racing course, races.

6.3
Virgil, Aeneid: Rome’s grand history and connection to Troy.
satire/satirize: make fun of society, often poetic.
Livy: historian trying to restore Roman virtue.
Tacitus: hailed the Germanic people as superior, marked Octavian as the end of Roman glory.
Engineering: Roman’s science and math construction of useful structures.
aqueducts: bridge like stone structures, brought water into Roman cities.
Ptolemy: proposed the theory that the earth was the center of the universe.
Galen: doctor who created an encyclopedia of medical solutions.
Civil Law: the law that applied to just the Roman citizens.
Law of Nations: all people in the Roman Empire were subject to the law of nations.
Rights of the Accused: presumed innocent until proven guilty